{"id":18168,"date":"2023-03-01T17:08:27","date_gmt":"2023-03-01T16:08:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/?p=18168"},"modified":"2024-05-08T18:11:01","modified_gmt":"2024-05-08T16:11:01","slug":"els-primers-batecs-de-la-parla-en-llengua-catalana-i-les-primeres-obres-escrites-en-la-parla-catalana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/?p=18168","title":{"rendered":"ELS PRIMERS BATECS DE LA PARLA EN LLENGUA CATALANA I LES PRIMERES OBRES ESCRITES EN CATAL\u00c0"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-18181 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"575\" height=\"575\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 575px) 100vw, 575px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong>ELS PRIMERS BATECS DE LA PARLA CATALANA<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong>LES PRIMERES OBRES ESCRITES EN CATAL\u00c0<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong>TEMES LING\u00dc\u00cdSTICS RELACIONATS <\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong>PER SABER-NE M\u00c9S<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18182 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"304\" height=\"202\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A les primeries dels anys vint del segle XXI, estudis profunds sobre la llengua catalana han contribu\u00eft a determinar els primers batecs de la nostra parla. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Havent, doncs, espigolat un article que l&#8217;\u00c0lex Milian ha escrit a la revista <em><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/El_Temps\">EL TEMPS<\/a><\/span><\/em>, en el seu n\u00famero 2020 del 27 de\u00a0mar\u00e7 de 2023, no faig altra cosa que \u00a0transcriure&#8217;l aqu\u00ed mateix per tal de corregir altres temes que, en parlar dels primer\u00edssims\u00a0balbucejos de la llengua catalana, aix\u00ed com de les\u00a0primeres obres\u00a0escrites en parla catalana, se&#8217;n pugui tenir una\u00a0informaci\u00f3 adient i objectiva gr\u00e0cies a les darrerres i noves investigacions aprofundides.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18183 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-1-300x80.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"390\" height=\"104\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-1-300x80.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-1.jpg 434w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px\" \/><\/a>Dividir\u00e9,\u00a0doncs, el tema en tres apartats:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><em><strong>1<\/strong><strong>. ELS PRIMERS BATECS DE LA PARLA EN LLENGUA CATALANA<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><em><strong>2. LES PRIMERES OBRES ESCRITES EN CATAL\u00c0<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><em><strong>3. TEMES LING\u00dc\u00cdSTICS RELACIONATS ENTRE SI PER SABER-NE M\u00c9S<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18184 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"351\" height=\"197\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Per tant, aquest tema ens\u00a0servir\u00e1 per modificar -si s&#8217;escau-, alguns punts d&#8217;altres ja insertats, que es poden trobar en la categoria&#8230;<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><em>Llengua-Literatura \/ Literatura-Llengua<\/em> <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>&#8230;d&#8217;aquestes planes del meu web personal.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>En pr\u00e9mer els\u00a0enunciats que resten a\u00a0continuaci\u00f3 aquests s&#8217;obriran\u00a0perfectament i mostraran tota la\u00a0informaci\u00f3 inseridata d&#8217;acord amb el sentit que s&#8217;han\u00a0escrit:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/?p=5414\"><em>\u00abMAPES CONCEPTUALS\u00bb<\/em>\u00a0SOBRE LA LLENGUA I LITERATURA CATALANES PER TORNAR A ENFILAR EL SEU ENTREMAT I, D\u2019AQUESTA MANERA, REFRESCAR LA MEM\u00d2RIA. UNA DEDICAT\u00d2RIA A TOT EL MEU ANTIC ALUMNAT.<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/?p=117\">\u00ab<em>JOCS FLORALS<\/em>\u00bb ESCOLARS EN LA DIADA DE SANT JORDI.<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/?p=2844\">NAIXEMENT, HIST\u00d2RIA I CODIFICACI\u00d3 DE LA LLENGUA CATALANA.<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/?p=16835\">L\u2019EDUCACI\u00d3 EN CATAL\u00c0 I LA IMMERSI\u00d3 LING\u00dc\u00cdSTICA.<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a class=\"row-title\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=14480&amp;action=edit\" aria-label=\"\u00abEN EL 150 ANIVERSARI DE LA SEVA NAIXEN\u00c7A DE POMPEU FABRA I EL CENTENARI DE LLUR \u00abGRAM\u00c0TICA CATALANA\u00bb. ELS DRETS LING\u00dc\u00cdSTICS\u00bb (Editar)\">EN EL 150 ANIVERSARI DE LA NAIXEN\u00c7A DE\u00a0<em>POMPEU FABRA<\/em>\u00a0I EL CENTENARI DE LLUR \u00ab<em>GRAM\u00c0TICA CATALANA<\/em>\u00bb. HISTORIA DE LA LLENGUA CATALANA. ELS DRETS LING\u00dc\u00cdSTICS.<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/?p=15237\">L\u2019ESTAT CONTRA UNA LLENGUA I CONTRA LA IMMERSI\u00d3 LING\u00dc\u00cdSTICA A L\u2019ESCOLA \/ DISPOSICIONS JUDICIALS A L\u2019ANY 2022.<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/?p=16580\">DESDE EL LIBRO A LA LITERATURA. DE LA LITERATURA A LA LECTURA. EL ARTE DE LAS EXPRESIONES ESCRITA, ORAL Y M\u00cdMICA Y SU HISTORIA<\/a>.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/?p=16572\">LA LITERATURA CATALANA. AUTORS I LLURS OBRES PRINCIPALS DINS DE L\u2019ESDEVENIR HIST\u00d2RIC D\u2019ETAPES I MOVIMENTS POL\u00cdTICS I CULTURALS.<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/?p=14611\" aria-current=\"page\">UN ESB\u00d3S SOBRE LA LITERATURA CATALANA DES DE LES \u00d2PTIQUES DE \u00ab<em>L\u2019ENCICLOP\u00c8DIA VIRTUAL VIQUIP\u00c8DIA<\/em>\u00bb I D\u2019UN MAPA CONCEPTUAL CONFEGIT PER A LA DOC\u00c8NCIA DE L\u2019ANTIGA \u00ab<em>EGB<\/em>\u00bb, TREBALLAT PER A LA CELEBRACI\u00d3 DE LA \u00ab<em>DIADA SANT JORDI<\/em>\u00bb DE 2022.<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-18185 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"549\" height=\"406\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong>1<\/strong><strong>. ELS PRIMERS BATECS DE LA PARLA CATALANA<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/15866.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18186 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/15866-300x169.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"358\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/15866-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/15866.png 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 358px) 100vw, 358px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>\u00abDespr\u00e9s d\u2019estudiar els documents originals d\u2019arxius molt diversos, els <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paleograf%C3%ADa\">pale\u00f2grafs<\/a>,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jes%C3%BAs_Alturo_i_Perucho\">Jes\u00fas Alturo<\/a><\/span> i <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/uab.academia.edu\/T%C3%A0niaAlaixiGimbert\/CurriculumVitae\">T\u00e0nia Alaix<\/a><\/span>:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Han situat l\u2019aparici\u00f3 escrita de les primeres paraules <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/proto-\">protocatalanes<\/a><\/span> al<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0segle IV<\/span> en textos de <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paci%C3%A0_de_Barcelona\">sant Paci\u00e0<\/a><\/span> (Barcelona ?-390); <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Han recalculat la dataci\u00f3 de la majoria dels primers textos (<em><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homilies_d%27Organy%C3%A0\">Homilies d\u2019Organy\u00e0<\/a><\/span>,<\/em> incloses)&#8230;<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Han establert que el<i>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llibre_Jutge\">Llibre dels jutges<\/a><\/span><\/i>\u00a0\u00e9s el primer text \u00edntegre en catal\u00e0 (entre 1066 i 1084), i<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Han fet llistes dels 34 primers autors de textos (o paraules) en catal\u00e0.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18188 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"245\" height=\"377\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Ho exposen tot a l\u2019assaig divulgatiu <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.casadellibro.com\/libro-lletres-que-parlen\/9788419334053\/13339694\">\u00ab<i>Lletres que parlen: Viatge als or\u00edgens del catal\u00e0\u00bb<\/i><\/a><\/span>\u00a0(La Magrana, 2023).<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jes%C3%BAs_Alturo_i_Perucho\">Jes\u00fas Alturo<\/a><\/span> i <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/uab.academia.edu\/T%C3%A0niaAlaixiGimbert\/CurriculumVitae\">T\u00e0nia Alaix<\/a><\/span> s\u00f3n <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paleograf%C3%ADa\">pale\u00f2grafs<\/a><\/span>. Estudien i analitzen els textos antics dels pergamins \u2014aquells car\u00e0cters que, per a la majoria, s\u00f3n una indesxifrable successi\u00f3 de signes remotament semblants a lletres\u2014 i els entenen, els desxifren i s\u00f3n capa\u00e7os de recon\u00e8ixer un mateix autor de dos textos a partir de la lletra.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Despr\u00e9s de d\u00e8cades de dedicaci\u00f3 (<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jes%C3%BAs_Alturo_i_Perucho\">Jes\u00fas Alturo<\/a><\/span> t\u00e9 68 anys i <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/uab.academia.edu\/T%C3%A0niaAlaixiGimbert\/CurriculumVitae\">T\u00e0nia Alaix<\/a><\/span>, 52), ara han reunit les conclusions extretes d\u2019estudiar milers de documents redactats al <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Principat_de_Catalunya\">Principat<\/a><\/span> des de la <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanitzaci%C3%B3\">romanitzaci\u00f3<\/a><\/span> fins a l\u2019<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edat_mitjana\">edat mitjana<\/a><\/span>, de comparar-los i de destriar-ne: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Les primeres paraules<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/proto-\"> protocatalanes<\/a><\/span> entre textos llatins, <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>La primera<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%87\"><em> ce trencada<\/em><\/a>,<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Els primers <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topon%C3%ADmia\">top\u00f2nims<\/a><\/span> (els noms de lloc s\u00f3n els primers que destil\u00b7len la <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lleng%C3%BCes_rom%C3%A0niques\">llengua roman\u00e7<\/a><\/span> que s\u2019estava creant o s\u2019havia creat),<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Els primers <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gentilici\">antrop\u00f2nims<\/a><\/span>,<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Les primeres frases i els primers textos \u00edntegrament escrits en catal\u00e0&#8230; <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>&#8230;primers textos que ja no s\u00f3n: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Les <em><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homilies_d%27Organy%C3%A0\">Homilies d\u2019Organy\u00e0<\/a><\/span><\/em>, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 van ser escrits a <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orga%C3%B1%C3%A1\">Organy\u00e0<\/a><\/span>, en aquest cas pel capell\u00e0 <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llibre_Jutge\">Traver Radolf<\/a> <\/span>entre el 1066 i el 1084.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>La traducci\u00f3 al catal\u00e0 del\u00a0<i><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llibre_Jutge\">Liber Iudicum<\/a><\/span>, el <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liber_Iudiciorum\">Llibre dels jutges<\/a>,<\/i>\u00a0que es conserva a l\u2019<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arxiu_Capitular_d%27Urgell\">Arxiu Capitular d\u2019Urgell<\/a><\/span>, a la <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seo_de_Urgel\">Seu d\u2019Urgell<\/a><\/span> (la c\u00f2pia que es conserva a <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monestir_de_Montserrat\">Montserrat<\/a><\/span> \u00e9s 250 anys posterior).<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18189 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"352\" height=\"234\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.casadellibro.com\/libro-lletres-que-parlen\/9788419334053\/13339694\">\u00ab<i>Lletres que parlen: Viatge als or\u00edgens del catal\u00e0\u00bb<\/i><\/a><\/span>\u00a0(La Magrana &#8211; Penguin Llibres, 2023), <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jes%C3%BAs_Alturo_i_Perucho\">Jes\u00fas Alturo<\/a><\/span> i\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/uab.academia.edu\/T%C3%A0niaAlaixiGimbert\/CurriculumVitae\">Tania\u00a0Alaix<\/a> exposen amb serenitat i paci\u00e8ncia totes les seves troballes \u2014que expliquen en detall per\u00f2 sense entretenir-se en exc\u00e9s\u2014 i els perqu\u00e8s de les noves datacions i innovadores conclusions.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Segons <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jes%C3%BAs_Alturo_i_Perucho\">Jes\u00fas Alturo<\/a><\/span>, l\u2019obra \u00e9s <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u201c<em>una visi\u00f3 cr\u00edtica, nova i general, tant de l\u2019origen de la llengua catalana com de les primeres manifestacions escrites<\/em>\u201d<\/span>. Han procurat fer-ho, afegeix, <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u201c<em>amb les eines m\u00e9s rigoroses per a aquests estudis, que s\u00f3n la paleografia i, \u00f2bviament, la filologia<\/em>\u201d<\/span>. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18190 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"352\" height=\"197\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jes%C3%BAs_Alturo_i_Perucho\">Jes\u00fas Alturo<\/a><\/span> (<em><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/El_Pont_de_Suert\">Pont de Suert<\/a><\/span>, 1954<\/em>) \u00e9s <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Filologia\">fil\u00f2leg<\/a><\/span>, expert <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paleograf%C3%ADa\">pale\u00f2graf<\/a><\/span> i catedr\u00e0tic del Departament de Ci\u00e8ncies de l\u2019Antiguitat i l\u2019Edat Mitjana de l<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universitat_Aut%C3%B2noma_de_Barcelona\">\u2019Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona<\/a><\/span> (UAB), i <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/uab.academia.edu\/T%C3%A0niaAlaixiGimbert\/CurriculumVitae\">T\u00e0nia Alaix<\/a> <\/span>(<em><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llinars_del_Vall%C3%A8s\">Llinars del Vall\u00e8s<\/a>, 1970<\/em>), amb un m\u00e0ster en <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biblioteconom%C3%ADa\">Biblioteconomia<\/a><\/span>, \u00e9s investigadora del Seminari de <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paleograf%C3%ADa\">Paleografia<\/a><\/span>, <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Codicolog%C3%ADa\">Codicologia<\/a><\/span> i <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diplom%C3%A1tica_(ciencia)\">Diplom\u00e0tica<\/a><\/span> de la <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Universitat_Aut%C3%B2noma_de_Barcelona\">UAB<\/a><\/span>. Tots dos poden combinar els seus coneixements per estudiar els textos des del punt de vista hist\u00f2ric i filol\u00f2gic.<span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"> \u201c<em>Normalment<\/em><\/span> \u2014aclareix <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jes%C3%BAs_Alturo_i_Perucho\">Jes\u00fas Alturo<\/a><\/span>\u2014, <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><em>s\u2019han dut a terme les recerques des d\u2019un dels dos \u00e0mbits i nosaltres tenim la sort de poder treballar des dels dos camps i aix\u00f2 ens permet analitzar els documents, les fonts prim\u00e0ries, d\u2019una manera directa. Tots els documents han passat per les nostres mans\u201d<\/em><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18191 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"260\" height=\"260\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-4.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-4-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 260px) 100vw, 260px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Aix\u00f2 ha estat b\u00e0sic per prioritzar l\u2019estudi dels originals, contrastar-los amb les successives c\u00f2pies realitzades en diferents segles posteriors i valorar quins canvis es deuen a la m\u00e0 del copista. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Sembla obvi si pensem en les traduccions que avui podem llegir de qualsevol autor tradu\u00eft al catal\u00e0 fa cent anys i ara. Les versions presenten moltes difer\u00e8ncies. Dos textos copiats el segle XI i el segle XIII d\u2019un original anterior presentaran canvis, ni que fossin nom\u00e9s copiats del mateix original. <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u201c<em>Fins ara<\/em><\/span> \u2014aclareix <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jes%C3%BAs_Alturo_i_Perucho\">Jes\u00fas Alturo<\/a><\/span>\u2014 <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><em>no sempre s\u2019ha ent\u00e8s aix\u00ed i, de vegades, algunes c\u00f2pies s\u2019han llegit com si fossin originals. Si la c\u00f2pia \u00e9s del segle XIII i l\u2019original del segle X, una an\u00e0lisi ling\u00fc\u00edstica de la c\u00f2pia acaba sent una an\u00e0lisi dels trets ling\u00fc\u00edstics del copista del segle XIII. La llengua diu m\u00e9s del que copia que de l\u2019original, per\u00f2 molts estudis que s\u2019han fet fins ara no ho han tingut en compte, aix\u00f2<\/em>\u201d<\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-5-1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18193 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-5-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"238\" height=\"347\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Primer, \u2018<em>si us plau<\/em>\u2019 i \u2018<em>sovint<\/em>\u2019<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Una de les dades m\u00e9s noves que presenta <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.casadellibro.com\/libro-lletres-que-parlen\/9788419334053\/13339694\">\u00ab<i>Lletres que parlen: Viatge als or\u00edgens del catal\u00e0\u00bb<\/i><\/a><\/span>\u00a0\u00e9s que ja, al <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">segle IV<\/span>, es parlava un <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/proto-\">protocatal\u00e0<\/a><\/span>\u00a0que es filtra en els textos llatins de<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"> <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paci%C3%A0_de_Barcelona\">sant Paci\u00e0<\/a><\/span>, o <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paci%C3%A0_de_Barcelona\">Paci\u00e0 de Barcelona<\/a><\/span>, que va n\u00e0ixer a <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barcelona\">Barcelona<\/a><\/span> en una data que desconeixem i hi va morir el 390.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u201c<em>Resumint molt<\/em><\/span> \u2014sintetitza <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jes%C3%BAs_Alturo_i_Perucho\">Jes\u00fas Alturo<\/a><\/span> per a <em><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.eltemps.cat\/?gclid=Cj0KCQiAjbagBhD3ARIsANRrqEs__kkh2KU9VaNQuftAFvvBr3EPP5vZ3XNSVkOKmcqrkkJyOSaADScaAmanEALw_wcB\">EL TEMPS<\/a><\/span><\/em>\u2014, <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><em>hi ha dos grans corrents sobre el moment en qu\u00e8 van n\u00e9ixer les lleng\u00fces rom\u00e0niques. Hi ha un grup de romanistes i llatinistes que defensen que l\u2019origen \u00e9s molt antic i un altre que proposa que la formaci\u00f3 \u00e9s de l\u2019\u00e8poca carol\u00edngia<\/em>\u201d<\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-5.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18194 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"342\" height=\"216\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Fins ara, la tesi m\u00e9s acceptada sobre el naixement del catal\u00e0 \u2014o del <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/proto-\">protocatal\u00e0<\/a><\/span>, com l\u2019anomenen <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jes%C3%BAs_Alturo_i_Perucho\">Jes\u00fas Alturo<\/a><\/span> i <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/uab.academia.edu\/T%C3%A0niaAlaixiGimbert\/CurriculumVitae\">T\u00e0nia Alaix<\/a><\/span>\u2014 era la de <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joan_Bastardas_i_Parera\">Joan Bastardas<\/a><\/span>, que la situa sobre el <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_VII\">segle VII<\/a><\/span>&#8211;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siglo_VII\">VIII<\/a><\/span>. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u201c<em>Nosaltres<\/em> <\/span>\u2014diu <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/uab.academia.edu\/T%C3%A0niaAlaixiGimbert\/CurriculumVitae\">T\u00e0nia Alaix<\/a><\/span>\u2014 <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><em>hem pogut retrocedir aquest origen i el situem, pel capbaix, al segle IV. Perqu\u00e8 hem trobat els primers batecs del catal\u00e0 en sant Paci\u00e0, quan fa servir termes com\u00a0cervulus\u00a0o\u00a0subinde\u00a0o utilitza l\u2019expressi\u00f3\u00a0si te placet\u00a0per\u00a0si us plau<\/em>\u201d<\/span>.\u00bb<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/440px-Homilies_dOrganya.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18195 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/440px-Homilies_dOrganya-216x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"280\" height=\"389\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/440px-Homilies_dOrganya-216x300.jpg 216w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/440px-Homilies_dOrganya.jpg 440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 280px) 100vw, 280px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>1.1 EL CATAL\u00c0 ANTIC O CATAL\u00c0 MEDIEVAL<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0_antic\">El\u00a0catal\u00e0 antic\u00a0o\u00a0catal\u00e0 medieval\u00a0<\/a><\/span><i>(catalanesc, roman\u00e7<\/i>,\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0_modern\">catal\u00e0 modern<\/a><\/span>:\u00a0<i>catal\u00e0 antic)<\/i>\u00a0va ser la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_rom%C3%A0nica\">llengua rom\u00e0nica<\/a><\/span>\u00a0parlada durant l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edat_mitjana\">edat mitjana<\/a><\/span>\u00a0precursora de la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_catalana\">llengua catalana<\/a><\/span>\u00a0moderna i de les seves varietats\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialecte\">dialectals<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>conegudes com a\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valenci%C3%A0\">valenci\u00e0<\/a><\/span>,\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0_balear\">balear<\/a><\/span>,\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rossellon%C3%A8s\">rossellon\u00e8s<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alguer%C3%A8s\">alguer\u00e8s<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>La seva extensi\u00f3\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medieval\">medieval<\/a><\/span>\u00a0va abastar: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Principat_de_Catalunya\">Principat de Catalunya<\/a><\/span>, <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regne_de_Val%C3%A8ncia\">Regne de Val\u00e8ncia<\/a><\/span>, <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Les\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Illes_Balears\">Illes Balears<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>La ciutat de<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L%27Alguer\">l&#8217;Alguer<\/a><\/span>\u00a0a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sardenya\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Sardenya<\/span>.<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Aquests territoris estaven integrats a la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corona_d%27Arag%C3%B3\">Corona d&#8217;Arag\u00f3<\/a><\/span>, a m\u00e9s de moltes zones del\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regne_de_M%C3%BArcia\">Regne de M\u00farcia<\/a><\/span>, integrat a la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Corona_de_Castella\">Corona de Castella<\/a><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-6.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18196 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-6-300x109.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"352\" height=\"128\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-6-300x109.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-6.jpg 373w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 352px) 100vw, 352px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">1.2. FONOLOGIA DE LA LLENGUA CATALANA<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval\">catal\u00e0 medieval<\/a><\/span> va presentar al llarg de la seva hist\u00f2ria documentada <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">canvis\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fon%C3%A8tica_del_catal%C3%A0\">fon\u00e8tics<\/a><\/span>, encara que aquest article tracta b\u00e0sicament la fonologia dels <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XIII\">segles XIII<\/a><\/span> i <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XIV\">XIV<\/a><\/span> quan es van escriure les\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Les_quatre_grans_Cr%C3%B2niques\">quatre grans cr\u00f2niques<\/a><\/span>, que usaven una forma estandaritzada de <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval\">catal\u00e0 medieval<\/a><\/span>. El sistema d&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Escriptura\">escriptura<\/a><\/span>\u00a0en aquest temps era m\u00e9s fon\u00e8tic que en l&#8217;actualitat. A m\u00e9s, pr\u00e0cticament totes les\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant\">consonants<\/a><\/span>\u00a0finals testificades en l&#8217;escriptura es pronunciaven, contr\u00e0riament al que passa en el modern\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0_oriental\">catal\u00e0 oriental<\/a><\/span>\u00a0on moltes d&#8217;aquestes consonants ara no es pronuncien despr\u00e9s d&#8217;haver sofert un proc\u00e9s d&#8217;afebliment i emmudiment.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18197 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"259\" height=\"194\" \/><\/a><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><b>1.2.1. CONSONANTS DEL CATAL\u00c0 MEDIEVAL<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<table style=\"height: 826px;\" width=\"740\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant_bilabial\"><b><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Bilabial<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant_labiodental\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><b>Labiodental<\/b><\/span><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant_dental\"><b>Dental<\/b><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant_alveolar\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><b>Alveolar<\/b><\/span><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant_palatal\"><b><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Palatal<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant_velar\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><b>Velar<\/b><\/span><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant_nasal\"><b><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Nasal<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>m<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>n<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oclusiva\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><b>Oclusiva<\/b><\/span><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant_sorda\"><b><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">sorda<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>p<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>t\u032a~t<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>k<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant_sonora\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><b>sonora<\/b><\/span><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>b<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>d\u032a~d<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>\u0261<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Africada\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><b>Africada<\/b><\/span><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant_sorda\"><b>sorda<\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>\u02a6<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant_sonora\"><b><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">sonora<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>\u02a3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"middle\"><strong>d\u0291~\u02a4<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fricativa\"><b><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Fricativa<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant_sorda\"><b><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">sorda<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>f<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>s<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>\u0283<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant_sonora\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><b>sonora<\/b><\/span><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>v<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>z<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"middle\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><b>Vibrant mult.<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>r<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"middle\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><b>Vibrant simp.<\/b><\/span><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>\u027e<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aproximant\"><b><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Aproximant<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>j<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>w<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"2\" valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant_lateral\"><b><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Lateral<\/span><\/b><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>l<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>\u028e,\u00a0jl<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #339966; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>1.2.1.1. CONSONANTS LATERALS<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Es creu que el catal\u00e0 medieval hauria tingut dos fonemes <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consonant_lateral\">laterals<\/a><span style=\"color: #000000;\">\u00a0i<\/span> <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palatals\">palatals<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>diferents: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El primer, \/\u028e\/, s&#8217;escrivia simplement com &lt;<i>ll<\/i>&gt; i ha rom\u00e0s sense canvis en la major part de dialectes fins avui en dia. <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El segon, reconstru\u00eft com \/*jl\/, prov\u00e9 dels grups llatins C&#8217;L, G&#8217;L, LI, LI, i va ser escrit com &lt;<i>yl<\/i>&gt; o com &lt;<i>il<\/i>&gt;. Aquest \u00faltim so mai apareixia en posici\u00f3 inicial i hist\u00f2ricament va convergir amb el resultat de \/\u028e\/ en la major part de dialectes, o com a \/j\/ en els dialectes amb\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ioditzaci%C3%B3\">ioditzaci\u00f3<\/a><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Cap al<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XII\"> segle XII<\/a><\/span>, moltes \/l\/ inicials van arribar a articular-se com \/\u028e\/, encara que en l&#8217;escriptura van continuar escrivint-se com a &lt;<i>l<\/i>&gt; fins al segle XV.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #339966; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>1.2.1.2. CONSONANTS LABIODENTALS<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Els sons \/b\/ i \/v\/ van comen\u00e7ar a confondre&#8217;s en alguns dialectes cap al segle\u00a0xiv, en un proc\u00e9s anomenat\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Betacisme\">betacisme<\/a><\/span>.\u00a0Actualment, la distinci\u00f3 \/b\/-\/v\/ es mant\u00e9 nom\u00e9s al\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0\">Pa\u00eds Valenci\u00e0<\/a><\/span>, les\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Illes_Balears\">Illes Balears<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i les\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terres_de_l%27Ebre\">Terres de l&#8217;Ebre<\/a><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-18197 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"259\" height=\"194\" \/><\/a><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>1.2.2. VOCALS DEL CATAL\u00c0 MEDIEVAL (oriental)<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El sistema voc\u00e0lic del catal\u00e0 medieval difereix del modern catal\u00e0 de Catalunya, encara que es mant\u00e9 en algunes varietats de Balears. Est\u00e0 format per les seg\u00fcents unitats.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<table cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vocal_anterior\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><b>Anterior<\/b><\/span><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><b>Central<\/b><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><b>Posterior<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vocal_tancada\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><b>Tancada<\/b><\/span><b><\/b><\/a><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>i<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>u<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>Semitancada<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>e<\/strong><\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"middle\"><strong>\u0259<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>o<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>Semioberta<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>\u025b<\/strong><\/td>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong>\u0254<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"middle\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vocal_oberta\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Oberta<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\" valign=\"middle\"><strong>a<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-8.jpg\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18198 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-8.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"248\" height=\"308\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Aquest sistema \u00e9s similar al del\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD_vulgar\">proto-roman\u00e7<\/a><\/span>, excepte pel fet que la \/e\/ del proto-roman\u00e7 es va centralitzar en \/\u01dd\/, i posteriorment la \/\u025b\/ del proto-roman\u00e7 es va tancar en \/e\/. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>En<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0_oriental_central\">catal\u00e0 central<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>modern, la \/\u01dd\/ t\u00f2nica s&#8217;ha avan\u00e7at en \/\u025b\/, i aix\u00ed s&#8217;ha invertit la distribuci\u00f3 original del proto-roman\u00e7: \/e\/ &gt; \/\u01dd\/ &gt; \/\u025b\/ contra \/\u025b\/ &gt; \/e\/ &gt; \/e\/. Aquesta \u00e9s la ra\u00f3 per la qual les\u00a0<i>e<\/i>\u00a0obertes i tancades del catal\u00e0 segueixen la distribuci\u00f3 oposada a les del\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_portugu%C3%A8s\">portugu\u00e8s<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_itali%C3%A0\">itali\u00e0<\/a>.<\/span> <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Les varietats bale\u00e0riques encara mantenen les \/\u01dd\/ t\u00f2niques en les mateixes posicions que les tenia el catal\u00e0 medieval.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>S&#8217;assumeix en general que durant el per\u00edode preliterari totes les varietats de catal\u00e0 es caracteritzaven per una realitzaci\u00f3 <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neutralitzaci%C3%B3_(fon%C3%A8tica)\">neutralitzada<\/a><\/span> de les vocals pret\u00f2niques (d&#8217;una manera similar al que es troba encara en\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occit%C3%A0\">occit\u00e0<\/a><\/span>\u00a0modern). <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Catalan_dialectos.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-18229 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Catalan_dialectos-253x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Catalan_dialectos-253x300.png 253w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Catalan_dialectos.png 335w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 253px) 100vw, 253px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Cap al <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XIII\">segle XIII<\/a><\/span>, la \/a\/ i la \/e\/ pret\u00f2nica als <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0_oriental\">dialectes orientals<\/a> <\/span>van comen\u00e7ar a ser confoses en l&#8217;escriptura. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>En aquests <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0_oriental\">dialectes<\/a><\/span>, la confusi\u00f3 es va generalitzar a tots els casos de \/a\/ i \/e\/ \u00e0tones, proc\u00e9s que es considera es va enllestir cap al <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XV\">segle XV<\/a><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diftong\">diftong<\/a><\/span>\u00a0AI, o EI posteriorment, es mant\u00e9 en comptes de la simplificaci\u00f3 en E en<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0_modern\">catal\u00e0 modern<\/a><\/span>:\u00a0<i>mais<\/i>\u00a0per\u00a0<i>m\u00e9s<\/i>,\u00a0<i>feit<\/i>\u00a0per\u00a0<i>fet<\/i>. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El diftong OU es mant\u00e9 en lloc de l&#8217;evoluci\u00f3 EU del catal\u00e0 modern:\u00a0<i>vou<\/i>\u00a0per\u00a0<i>veu<\/i>,\u00a0<i>crou<\/i>\u00a0per\u00a0<i>creu<\/i>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-9.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18200 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-9.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"311\" height=\"233\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>1.3. DEL NAIXEMENT DE LA LLENGUA CATALANA A L&#8217;EDAT MITJANA<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>1.3.1. PRELIMINARS EN LA FOSCOR DEL TEMPS<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Cal exposar alguns conectes a l&#8217;hora d&#8217;endinsar-nos en els or\u00edgens de la llengua catalana:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><i><\/i>El<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substrat_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)\"><i> Substrat<\/i><\/a><\/span>: influ\u00e8ncies ling\u00fc\u00edstiques que s&#8217;incorporen al\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD_vulgar\">llat\u00ed vulgar<\/a><\/span>\u00a0dels\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romans\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">roman<\/span>s<\/a>\u00a0que es troben en el nostre territori i que provenen de les lleng\u00fces que ja hi havia, anteriors a la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proc%C3%A9s_de_romanitzaci%C3%B3\">romanitzaci\u00f3<\/a><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><i><\/i>El <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Superstrat\"><i>Superstrat<\/i><\/a><\/span>: influ\u00e8ncies posteriors a la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proc%C3%A9s_de_romanitzaci%C3%B3\">romanitzaci\u00f3<\/a><\/span>\u00a0que s&#8217;incorporen a la llengua catalana a partir de les invasions dels pobles\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germ%C3%A0nics\">germ\u00e0nic<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%80rab\">\u00e0rab<\/a><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><i><\/i>L&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adstrat\"><i>Adstrat<\/i><\/a><\/span>: aportacions ling\u00fc\u00edstiques de les lleng\u00fces ve\u00efnes.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-6.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18201 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"294\" height=\"220\" \/><\/a><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">1.3.2. LA REALITAT LING\u00dc\u00cdSTICA PREROMANA DELS PA\u00cfSOS CATALANS<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><i>Article principal:\u00a0<\/i><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substrat_del_catal%C3%A0\"><i>Substrat del catal\u00e0<\/i><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Del 1000 al 218\u00a0aC, s&#8217;estableixen al territori que actualment es coneix com a<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pa%C3%AFsos_Catalans\">Pa\u00efsos Catalans<\/a><\/span>\u00a0diversos pobles que parlaven lleng\u00fces diferents:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> els\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sorotaptes\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">sorotaptes<\/span><\/a>, <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>els\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Celtes\">celtes<\/a><\/span>, <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>els\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fenicis\">fenicis<\/a><\/span>, <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>els<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grecs\">grecs<\/a><\/span>\u00a0o <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>els\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ibers\">ibers<\/a><\/span>. <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Aquestes s\u00f3n les lleng\u00fces que conformen el\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substrat_del_catal%C3%A0\">substrat del catal\u00e0<\/a>.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-7.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18202 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-7.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"338\" height=\"232\" \/><\/a><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>1.3.3. LA ROMANITZACI\u00d3 <\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>I <\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>LA SUBSTITUCI\u00d3 LING\u00dc\u00cdSTICA PEL LLAT\u00cd<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><i>Article principal:\u00a0<\/i><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proc%C3%A9s_de_romanitzaci%C3%B3\"><i>Proc\u00e9s de romanitzaci\u00f3<\/i><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El 218\u00a0aC, els romans desembarquen a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emp%C3%BAries\">Emp\u00faries<\/a>\u00a0i ocupen l&#8217;actual territori de Catalunya.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Tot i haver desembarcat el 218\u00a0aC, la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proc%C3%A9s_de_romanitzaci%C3%B3\">romanitzaci\u00f3<\/a><\/span>\u00a0del territori no comen\u00e7\u00e0 fins al\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_I_aC\">segle I aC<\/a><\/span>, i el centre en fou<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tarragona\">Tarragona<\/a><\/span>. Per \u00ab<em>romanitzaci\u00f3<\/em>\u00bb s&#8217;ent\u00e9n el proc\u00e9s d&#8217;implantaci\u00f3 en el territori de: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>La cultura, <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Les lleis, <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Els costums i <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>La llengua de l&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperi_Rom%C3%A0\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Imperi Rom\u00e0<\/span><\/a>, que era el\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a><\/span>. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-8.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18203 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-8.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"311\" height=\"220\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-8.jpg 267w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-8-120x85.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 311px) 100vw, 311px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>No obstant aix\u00f2, la <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proc%C3%A9s_de_romanitzaci%C3%B3\">romanitzaci\u00f3<\/a><\/span>\u00a0de\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalunya\">Catalunya<\/a><\/span>\u00a0no va ser uniforme, i hi hagu\u00e9 zones profundament romanitzades, com l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empord%C3%A0\">Empord\u00e0<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i la costa en general, al costat d&#8217;altres de romanitzaci\u00f3 menys intensa, com la zona d&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olot\">Olot<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i la zona de la Catalunya interior. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>La zona pirinenca occidental no es va romanitzar fins a l&#8217;edat mitjana i s&#8217;hi parlava una llengua amb <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Basquisme\">basquismes<\/a><\/span>, com indica la<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topon%C3%ADmia\"> topon\u00edmia<\/a><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-9.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18204 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-9.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"241\" height=\"308\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>De mica en mica, es va produint un canvi ling\u00fc\u00edstic en aquests territoris, i despr\u00e9s d&#8217;una etapa de\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biling%C3%BCisme\">biling\u00fcisme<\/a><\/span>\u00a0entre el\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i les lleng\u00fces ind\u00edgenes, el\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>s&#8217;acaba imposant. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>No obstant aix\u00f2, s&#8217;observa en el\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a>\u00a0parlat<\/span> de cada territori particularitats fruit de la influ\u00e8ncia de les lleng\u00fces ind\u00edgenes que s&#8217;hi parlaven (substrat). <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>D&#8217;aquesta manera, des d&#8217;un primer moment, hi ha difer\u00e8ncies entre el\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a>\u00a0parlat<\/span> a la\u00a0<a style=\"color: #000000;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A8rica\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e8ric<\/span>a<\/a>\u00a0i el d&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/It%C3%A0lia\">It\u00e0lia<\/a><\/span>. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>I encara, dins <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">el llat\u00ed<\/a> <\/span>de la pen\u00ednsula tamb\u00e9 hi ha difer\u00e8ncies (era diferent el<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a>\u00a0parlat<\/span> en una zona del parlat en una altra). Els parlants, per\u00f2, no tenien encara consci\u00e8ncia d&#8217;aquestes difer\u00e8ncies.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-10.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18205 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-10.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"238\" height=\"344\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>En arribar a aquest punt, hem de parlar sobre la <a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caiguda_de_l%27Imperi_Rom%C3%A0_d%27Occident\"><i><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Caiguda de l&#8217;Imperi Rom\u00e0 d&#8217;Occident<\/span><\/i><\/a>. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Efectivament:\u00a0L&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperi_Rom%C3%A0_d%27Occident\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Imperi Rom\u00e0 d&#8217;Occident<\/span><\/a>, al llarg del\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_V\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">segle V<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0dC<\/span>, va comen\u00e7ar a descompondre&#8217;s, i tamb\u00e9 la unitat que representava el\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a><\/span>, i aquest fet don\u00e0 pas al naixement de les<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lleng%C3%BCes_rom%C3%A0niques\">lleng\u00fces rom\u00e0niques<\/a><\/span>, algunes de les quals s\u00f3n:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galaicoportugu%C3%A8s\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">galaicoportugu\u00e8s<\/span><\/a>, <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Castell%C3%A0\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">castell\u00e0<\/span><\/a>, <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">catal\u00e0<\/span><\/a>, <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>L&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occit%C3%A0\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">occit\u00e0<\/span><\/a>, <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franc%C3%A8s\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">franc\u00e8s<\/span><\/a>, <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_sarda\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">sard<\/span><\/a>, <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>L&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Itali%C3%A0\">itali\u00e0<\/a><\/span>,<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman%C3%A8s\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">roman\u00e8s<\/span><\/a>\u00a0i <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reto-rom%C3%A0nic\">retorom\u00e0nic<\/a>\u00a0(al\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cant%C3%B3\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">cant\u00f3<\/span><\/a><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0su\u00eds<\/span> dels\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grisons\">Grisons<\/a><\/span>).<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-11.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18206 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"233\" height=\"311\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El conjunt d&#8217;aquestes lleng\u00fces, o el lloc on es parlen, \u00e9s el que es coneix com a\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rom%C3%A0nia\"><i>Rom\u00e0nia<\/i><\/a><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> La\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rom%C3%A0nia\">Rom\u00e0nia<\/a><\/span>\u00a0es divideix en dos blocs: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>1) L&#8217;oriental: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Itali%C3%A0\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Itali\u00e0<\/span><\/a>\u00a0i\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman%C3%A8s\">Roman\u00e8s<\/a><\/span>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>2) <\/strong><strong>L&#8217;occidental: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portugu%C3%A8s\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Portugu\u00e8s<\/span><\/a>,\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Castell%C3%A0\">Castell\u00e0<\/a><\/span>,\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0\">Catal\u00e0<\/a><\/span>,\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occit%C3%A0\">Occit\u00e0<\/a><\/span>,\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franc%C3%A8s\">Franc\u00e8s<\/a><\/span>,\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_sarda\">Sard<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reto-rom%C3%A0nic\">Retorom\u00e0nic<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-12.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18207 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-12.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"278\" height=\"261\" \/><\/a><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>1.3.4. EL CATAL\u00c0 PRELITERARI<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #339966; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>1.3.4.1. LES INVASIONS GERM\u00c0NIQUES<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Aprofitant la decad\u00e8ncia de l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperi_Rom%C3%A0\">Imperi Rom\u00e0<\/a><\/span>, els\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Visigots\">visigots<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>comen\u00e7aren a ocupar territoris dominats fins aleshores pels\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romans\">romans<\/a><\/span>. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Aix\u00f2 s&#8217;esdevingu\u00e9 entre els segles\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_V\">V<\/a><\/span>,\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_VI\">VI<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">VII<\/span> dC. El llegat ling\u00fc\u00edstic d&#8217;aquestes invasions formar\u00e0 part del\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Superstrat\">superstrat<\/a><\/span>\u00a0de la llengua catalana. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Durant aquest per\u00edode, que comen\u00e7a amb l&#8217;arribada dels\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germ%C3%A0nics\">germ\u00e0nics<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>a la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A8rica\">Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e8rica<\/a><\/span>, el<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0\">catal\u00e0<\/a><\/span>\u00a0es va anar desenvolupant com a llengua oral, apartant-se de l&#8217;estructura del\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i anir\u00e0 prenent manlleus l\u00e8xics tant de les<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lleng%C3%BCes_germ%C3%A0niques\">lleng\u00fces germ\u00e0niques<\/a><\/span>\u00a0com de l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%80rab\">\u00e0rab<\/a><\/span>. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El catal\u00e0 preliterari (de vegades anomenat proto-catal\u00e0) era una llengua molt propera a l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occit%C3%A0\">occit\u00e0<\/a><\/span>, juntament amb les varietats del qual forma les\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lleng%C3%BCes_occitanorom%C3%A0niques\">lleng\u00fces occitanorom\u00e0niques<\/a><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-14.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18208 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-14.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"215\" \/><\/a><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>1.3.4.2. LA INVASI\u00d3 MUSULMANA<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Cal parlar d<i>&#8216;<\/i><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%80ndalus\"><i>Al-\u00c0ndalus<\/i><\/a><\/span>\u00a0i de la <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G%C3%B2tia\"><i>G\u00f2tia<\/i><\/a><\/span>. Efectivament:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Al\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_VIII\">segle VIII<\/a>\u00a0dC<\/span>, es produeix la<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasi%C3%B3_musulmana_d%27Hisp%C3%A0nia\">invasi\u00f3 musulmana de tota la pen\u00ednsula<\/a><\/span>. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Aviat, per\u00f2, els<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regne_dels_Francs\">francs<\/a><\/span>\u00a0de\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carlemany\">Carlemany<\/a><\/span>\u00a0van iniciar un projecte de conquesta per a assegurar-se una zona de seguretat davant l&#8217;imparable avan\u00e7 musulm\u00e0. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-13.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18209 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-13.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"303\" height=\"215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-13.jpg 266w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-13-120x85.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 303px) 100vw, 303px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Aix\u00ed doncs, establiren una s\u00e8rie de\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comtat_(edat_mitjana)\">comtats<\/a><\/span>\u00a0fronterers a la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G%C3%B2tia\">G\u00f2tia<\/a><\/span>\u00a0que feien la funci\u00f3 de\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marca_hisp%C3%A0nica\">marca<\/a><\/span>, i la conquesta arrib\u00e0 fins a\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comtat_de_Barcelona\">Barcelona<\/a><\/span>\u00a0(<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/801\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">80<\/span>1<\/a>), comprenent els territoris que es coneixen com a\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalunya_Vella\"><i>Catalunya Vella<\/i><\/a><\/span>. La conquesta dels territoris del sud de\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalunya\">Catalunya<\/a><\/span>, la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalunya_Nova\">Catalunya Nova<\/a><\/span>, es va fer esperar fins al segle XII.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #000000;\">La influ\u00e8ncia de les<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lleng%C3%BCes_germ%C3%A0niques\">lleng\u00fces germ\u00e0niques<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i de l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%80rab\">\u00e0rab<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>damunt del\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a><\/span>\/<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0\">catal\u00e0<\/a><\/span>\u00a0que es parlava en aquests territoris influ\u00ed de manera diferent: l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%80rab\">\u00e0rab<\/a><\/span>\u00a0tingu\u00e9 molta m\u00e9s incid\u00e8ncia en el\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0\">catal\u00e0<\/a><\/span>\u00a0parlat a la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalunya_Nova\">Catalunya Nova<\/a>,<\/span> sota domini musulm\u00e0 durant molts anys, que no pas en el de la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalunya_Vella\">Catalunya Vella<\/a><\/span>, on la influ\u00e8ncia del superstrat \u00e0rab fou m\u00e9s minsa.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-15.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18210 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-15.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"310\" height=\"233\" \/><\/a><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><b>\u00bf Es va tenir consci\u00e8ncia de diferenciaci\u00f3 ling\u00fc\u00edstica llat\u00ed\/catal\u00e0&#8230;?<\/b><\/span><\/h4>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Durant aquest per\u00edode, assistim als grans canvis que es produeixen en el\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD_vulgar\">llat\u00ed vulgar<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i que propicien la formaci\u00f3 de les<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lleng%C3%BCes_rom%C3%A0niques\">llen<\/a><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lleng%C3%BCes_rom%C3%A0niques\">g\u00fces rom\u00e0niques<\/a><\/span>. Gr\u00e0cies a l&#8217;esfor\u00e7 de\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carlemany\">Carlemany<\/a><\/span>, es produ\u00ed dins l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperi_Carolingi\">Imperi Carolingi<\/a><\/span>, del qual formava part la \u00ab<em>Marca<\/em>\u00bb, una renaixen\u00e7a intel\u00b7lectual (la<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renovatio_carolingea\"><i>Renovatio carolingea<\/i><\/a><\/span>) que promovia el renaixement de la cultura\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llatina\">llatina<\/a>\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cristiana\">cristiana<\/a><\/span>. Per fer-ho efectiu, es propos\u00e0 el restabliment del\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Llat%C3%AD_culte&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">llat\u00ed culte<\/a><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-16.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18211 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-16-300x136.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"333\" height=\"151\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-16-300x136.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-16.jpg 333w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El resultat d&#8217;aquest intent va ser que la immensa majoria de la gent no entenia el que li deien, i va comen\u00e7ar a prendre consci\u00e8ncia que aquell\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a><\/span>\u00a0que es creien que parlaven havia evolucionat fins al punt de convertir-se en una llengua completament diferent. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Dissortadament, i encara que es pensa que la llengua catalana va seguir una evoluci\u00f3 paral\u00b7lela a la de la resta de les\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lleng%C3%BCes_rom%C3%A0niques\">lleng\u00fces rom\u00e0niques<\/a><\/span>, la documentaci\u00f3 que n&#8217;ha perviscut no \u00e9s pas directa, i no explicita la consci\u00e8ncia de diferenciaci\u00f3 entre el<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i el <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">primitiu\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman%C3%A7_(poesia)\">roman\u00e7<\/a>.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/440px-Evolucio_e_catala.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18212 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/440px-Evolucio_e_catala-300x199.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"347\" height=\"230\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/440px-Evolucio_e_catala-300x199.png 300w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/440px-Evolucio_e_catala.png 440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 347px) 100vw, 347px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Per diversos indicis, per\u00f2, podem afirmar que el\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0\">catal\u00e0<\/a><\/span>\u00a0ja era parlat en aquest rac\u00f3 de la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pen%C3%ADnsula\">pen\u00ednsula<\/a><\/span>\u00a0cap al\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_VIII\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">segle VIII<\/span><\/a>\u00a0dC.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> \u00c9s a dir, el\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a><\/span>\u00a0parlat aqu\u00ed des dels primers segles de la nostra era havia evolucionat prou com per diferenciar-se de la <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_vulgar\">llengua vulgar<\/a><\/span> de\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roma\">Roma<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i ser notablement diferent. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Aix\u00f2 no obstant, els documents de l&#8217;\u00e8poca s\u00f3n escrits en<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>(for\u00e7a degradat i en alguns aspectes proper al<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0\">catal\u00e0<\/a><\/span>).<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-17.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-18213 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-17.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"550\" height=\"390\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-17.jpg 267w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-17-120x85.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong>2. LES PRIMERES OBRES ESCRITES EN CATAL\u00c0<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-18.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18214 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-18.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"233\" height=\"346\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>2.1. LA GRADUALITAT DEL CATAL\u00c0 <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>I <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>PRIMERES OBRES ESCRITES EN LLENGUA CATALANA<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literatura_catalana\">La llengua catalana<\/a><\/span> s&#8217;origina a partir del\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD_vulgar\">llat\u00ed vulgar<\/a><\/span>\u00a0introdu\u00eft pels romans el<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siglo_II_a._C.\"> segle II aC<\/a> <\/span>al nord-est de la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A8rica\">pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e8rica<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i al sud de la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G%C3%A0l%C2%B7lia_Narbonesa\">G\u00e0l\u00b7lia Narbonesa<\/a><\/span>. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>L&#8217;evoluci\u00f3 del <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD_vulgar\">llat\u00ed vulgar<\/a><\/span> a les primeres formes del <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman%C3%A7\">roman\u00e7 catal\u00e0<\/a><\/span> va ser gradual. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Per aquest motiu, el criteri que cal seguir per delimitar la divisi\u00f3 entre aquests dos \u00e9s la consci\u00e8ncia que la modalitat oral que fan servir \u00e9s diferent de la forma que fan servir en l&#8217;escriptura. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Aix\u00f2, probablement es va produir a partir del <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_VIII\">segle VIII<\/a><\/span> amb la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Renaixement_carolingi\"><i>renovatio carolingia<\/i><\/a><\/span>\u00a0que restabl\u00ed l&#8217;\u00fas del <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/blocs.xtec.cat\/aracnefilaifila\/2012\/12\/10\/llati-culte-versus-llati-vulgar\/\">llat\u00ed culte<\/a><\/span> a l&#8217;administraci\u00f3.\u00a0Aix\u00ed doncs, a partir del <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_VIII\">segle VIII<\/a><\/span> ja hi ha indicis de l&#8217;\u00fas oral, del catal\u00e0 i la consci\u00e8ncia que all\u00f2 que es parla \u00e9s diferent del <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD_vulgar\">llat\u00ed vulgar<\/a><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-19.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18215 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-19.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"344\" height=\"191\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Al <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_IX\">segle IX<\/a><\/span> es van comen\u00e7ar a introduir en els textos escrits les <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lleng%C3%BCes_rom%C3%A0niques\">lleng\u00fces rom\u00e0niques<\/a> <\/span>diferenciades del <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a><\/span>, la <a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lenguas_romances\">llengua culta europea<\/a>, pr\u00f2pia de cada territori, i tamb\u00e9 la <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lat%C3%ADn_eclesi%C3%A1stico\">llengua eclesi\u00e0stica<\/a><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong> Aquest proc\u00e9s va culminar, en la <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0\">llengua catalana<\/a><\/span>, a mitjan <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XIII\">segleXIII<\/a><\/span>, quan va apar\u00e8ixer per primera vegada <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">literatura escrita catalana<\/span>. Concretament, entre els <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XI\">segles XI<\/a><\/span> i <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XII\">XII<\/a><\/span> van apar\u00e8ixer dues obres escrites ja en <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_vulgar\">llengua vulgar<\/a><\/span>: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Codi_de_Recesvint\"><i>Llibre jutge<\/i><\/a><\/span>\u00a0o\u00a0<i><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liber_Iudiciorum\">Liber iudicum<\/a><\/span>,<\/i>\u00a0del <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XII\">segle XII<\/a><\/span>\u00a0\u2014la traducci\u00f3 d&#8217;una <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Categoria:Lleis_visig%C3%B2tiques\">compilaci\u00f3 de lleis visig\u00f2tiques<\/a><\/span> en <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a><\/span>\u2014 i&#8230;<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Les\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homilies_d%27Organy%C3%A0\"><i>Homilies d&#8217;Organy\u00e0<\/i><\/a><\/span>, de comen\u00e7ament del <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XIII\">segle XIII<\/a><\/span>, que s\u00f3n predicacions en <a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lleng%C3%BCes_rom%C3%A0niques\">roman\u00e7<\/a>. <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Dos textos que representen respectivament l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feudalisme\">estructura feudal<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i l&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esgl%C3%A9sia_Cat%C3%B2lica_Romana\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Esgl\u00e9s<\/span>ia<\/a>, els dos pilars fonamentals de l&#8217;ordre social de l&#8217;\u00e8poca.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-20.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18216 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-20.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"318\" height=\"193\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>La primera poesia en <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_vulgar\">llengua vulgar<\/a><\/span> a Europa es feu en<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occit%C3%A0\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">llengua occitan<\/span>a<\/a>. Tot i aix\u00f2, la llengua dels <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trobador\">trobadors<\/a><\/span> no es pot identificar amb cap <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialecte\">dialecte<\/a><\/span> en concret sin\u00f3 que es tracta d&#8217;una\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_koin%C3%A9\"><i>koin\u00e9<\/i><\/a><\/span>\u00a0que incorpora elements de diversos <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialecte\">dialectes<\/a><\/span>.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Aquesta llengua <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_koin%C3%A9\">supradialectal<\/a><\/span> es va estendre per les corts nobili\u00e0ries de tota\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occit%C3%A0nia\">Occit\u00e0nia<\/a><\/span>, i d&#8217;aqu\u00ed, arrib\u00e0 al nord d&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/It%C3%A0lia\">It\u00e0lia<\/a><\/span>, a\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catalunya\">Catalunya<\/a><\/span>,\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arag%C3%B3\">Arag\u00f3<\/a><\/span>,\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Navarra\">Navarra<\/a><\/span>,\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Castella\">Castella<\/a><\/span>,\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portugal\">Portugal<\/a><\/span>,\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sic%C3%ADlia\">Sic\u00edlia<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>i a l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperi_Rom%C3%A0_d%27Orient\">Imperi Rom\u00e0 d&#8217;Orient<\/a><\/span>. Aquesta <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_koin%C3%A9\"><i>koin\u00e9 trobadoresca<\/i><\/a><\/span>\u00a0ser\u00e0 <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literatura_medieval\">la llengua de la poesia<\/a><\/span> des del <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siglo_XI\">segle XI<\/a><\/span> fins a ple <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siglo_XV\">segle\u00a0xv<\/a><\/span>\u00a0amb\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ausi%C3%A0s_March\">Ausi\u00e0s March<\/a><\/span>.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-22.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18217 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-22.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"319\" height=\"229\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-22.jpg 265w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-22-120x85.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 319px) 100vw, 319px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Les paraules i construccions catalanes en documents quotidians com testaments, actes o vendes s&#8217;observen a partir del\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_IX\">segle IX<\/a><\/span>. Aquest fet indica que la <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transmissi%C3%B3_oral\">llengua oral<\/a><\/span> del qui redactava l&#8217;escrit era ben diferent d&#8217;aquella en qu\u00e8 s&#8217;escrivia. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Les paraules en <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman%C3%A7_(poesia)\">roman\u00e7 catal\u00e0<\/a><\/span> \u2014m\u00e9s o menys llatinitzats\u2014 s\u00f3n<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topon%C3%ADmia\">top\u00f2nims<\/a><\/span>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antropon%C3%ADmia\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">antrop\u00f2nims<\/span>,<\/a>\u00a0objectes dom\u00e8stics,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mesura\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">mesure<\/span>s<\/a>, eines agr\u00edcoles, \u00e9s a dir, elements i conceptes pels quals no hi ha o no se&#8217;n coneix una forma equivalent en\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a><\/span>. Aix\u00f2 confirma que el <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman%C3%A7_(poesia)\">roman\u00e7 catal\u00e0<\/a><\/span>\u00a0era la llengua de <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transmissi%C3%B3_oral\">transmissi\u00f3 oral<\/a><\/span> en aquest moment.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-25.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18218 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-25.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"352\" height=\"242\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Aix\u00ed doncs, en aquesta \u00e8poca van apareixent de manera progressiva: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lletra\">Grafies<\/a><\/span> que reflecteixen l&#8217;evoluci\u00f3 del catal\u00e0 respecte el llat\u00ed (<span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><i>comannar<\/i><\/span>\u00a0i\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><i>comanar<\/i><\/span>, amb la reducci\u00f3 del grup conson\u00e0ntic llat\u00ed\u00a0<i>nd<\/i>,<span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"> \u00ab<i>commandare<\/i>\u00bb<\/span>),<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Topon%C3%ADmia\">Top\u00f2nims<\/a><\/span> evolucionats de manera gaireb\u00e9 completa del llat\u00ed (<span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><i>Ferrera<\/i><\/span>\u00a0del llat\u00ed <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u00abferraria\u00bb<\/span> o\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><i>Rialbo<\/i><\/span>\u00a0del llat\u00ed <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u00ab<i>rivo albo<\/i>\u00bb<\/span>), <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roman%C3%A7_(poesia)\">Noms comuns en roman\u00e7 catal\u00e0<\/a><\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><i>achaptar\u00e0s<\/i>\u00a0\u00abadquirir\u00e0s\u00bb,\u00a0<i>baglia<\/i>\u00a0\u00abbatllia\u00bb,\u00a0<i>consel<\/i>\u00a0\u00abconsell\u00bb, engan \u00abengany\u00bb,\u00a0<i>torre<\/i>,\u00a0<i>maiola<\/i>\u00a0\u00abvinya jove\u00bb<\/span>, etc.). <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>M\u00e9s endavant, fragments cada cop m\u00e9s extensos en catal\u00e0 com el fragment d&#8217;un text d&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organy%C3%A0\">Organy\u00e0<\/a><\/span>\u00a0datat de 1034: <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u00ab<i>moreres\u00a0iii\u00a0et oliver\u00a0i\u00a0et noguer\u00a0I\u00a0et amendolers\u00a0iiii\u00a0et pruners et figuers<\/i>\u00bb<\/span> (<span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u00abtres moreres i una olivera i una noguera i quatre ametllers i cirerers i figueres\u00bb<\/span>).<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-26.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18220 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-26.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"291\" height=\"206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-26.jpg 267w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-26-120x85.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 291px) 100vw, 291px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Els primers documents\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feudal\">feudals<\/a><\/span>\u00a0escrits en catal\u00e0 es troben al <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XI\">segle XI<\/a><\/span>. Entre els textos m\u00e9s antics que es conserven totalment en catal\u00e0 hi ha:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jurament_de_Radulf_Oriol\"><i>Jurament de Radulf Oriol<\/i><\/a><\/span>\u00a0(1028\u20131047), <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Els\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greuges_de_Guitard_Isarn\"><i>Greuges de Guitard Isarn, senyor de Caboet<\/i><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>(1080\u20131095) i\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jurament_de_pau_i_treva_del_comte_Pere_Ramon_de_Pallars_Juss%C3%A0_al_bisbe_d%27Urgell\"><i>Jurament de pau i treva del comte Pere Ramon de Pallars Juss\u00e0 al bisbe d&#8217;Urgell<\/i><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>(1098).<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-27.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18221 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-27.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"251\" height=\"335\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XII\">segle XII<\/a><\/span>\u00a0trobem altres <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feudalisme_a_Catalunya\">documents feudals<\/a><\/span> com: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Els\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greuges_dels_homes_de_Sant_Pere_de_Graudescales\"><i>Greuges dels homes de Sant Pere de Graudescales<\/i><\/a><\/span>\u00a0i <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Els\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=Greuges_dels_Homes_d%27Hostafrancs_de_Si%C3%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\"><i>Greuges dels Homes d&#8217;Hostafrancs de Si\u00f3<\/i><\/a><\/span>, que com els <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greuges_de_Guitard_Isarn\"><i>Greuges de Guitard Isarn, senyor de Caboet<\/i><\/a><\/span>, procedeixen del\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bisbat_d%27Urgell\">Bisbat d&#8217;Urgell<\/a>.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>A mitjan <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XII\">segle XII<\/a><\/span> trobem els primers documents redactats \u00edntegrament en catal\u00e0 com: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llibre_Jutge\"><i>Llibre Jutge<\/i><\/a><\/span>, una traducci\u00f3 al catal\u00e0 d&#8217;una recopilaci\u00f3 de dret visig\u00f2tic en llat\u00ed del segle anterior.\u00a0El manuscrit, conservat a la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biblioteca_de_Montserrat\">Biblioteca del Monestir de Montserrat<\/a><\/span>, data d&#8217;entre el 1180 i el 1190 i es tracta d&#8217;una c\u00f2pia de la versi\u00f3 catalana del llibre de la primera meitat del <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XII\">segle XII<\/a><\/span> (ca. 1140). El text, a banda de l&#8217;inter\u00e8s jur\u00eddic, \u00e9s important per ser el testimoni m\u00e9s antic d\u2019una prosa netament catalana.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-28.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18222 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-28.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"255\" height=\"249\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Dos dels primers textos literaris \u00edntegrament en <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_vulgar\">llengua vulgar<\/a><\/span> s\u00f3n:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boecis\"><i>Poema de Boeci<\/i><\/a><\/span>\u00a0(ca. 1000) i <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>La\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Can%C3%A7%C3%B3_de_Santa_Fe\"><i>Can\u00e7\u00f3 de Santa Fe<\/i><\/a>\u00a0<\/span>(ca. 1050), tots dos en <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Occit%C3%A0\">llengua occitana<\/a><\/span>.\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-10.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18219 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-10.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"330\" height=\"233\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-10.jpg 267w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-10-120x85.jpg 120w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 330px) 100vw, 330px\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>En<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0\"> llengua catalana<\/a><\/span>, ens haurem d&#8217;esperar fins al <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feudalisme_a_Catalunya\">segle XIII<\/a><\/span> per trobar la primera obra liter\u00e0ria escrita origin\u00e0riament en catal\u00e0: <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Les\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homilies_d%27Organy%C3%A0\"><i>Homilies d&#8217;Organy\u00e0<\/i><\/a><\/span>. Es tracta d&#8217;una col\u00b7lecci\u00f3 de\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serm%C3%B3\">sermons<\/a>\u00a0conservada en aquesta poblaci\u00f3 alturgellenca que consisteix en uns comentaris en\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0\">catal\u00e0<\/a><\/span>\u00a0d&#8217;uns passatges de l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Evangeli\">Evangeli<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>escrits en\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llat%C3%AD\">llat\u00ed<\/a>.\u00a0El 813, l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clergat\">Esgl\u00e9sia<\/a><\/span>\u00a0decid\u00ed en el\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concili_de_Tours\">Concili de Tours<\/a><\/span> que calia traduir les <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homilia\">homilies<\/a><\/span>\u00a0<span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><i>in rusticam Romanam linguam<\/i><\/span>\u00a0(<span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">\u00ab<em>en llengua romana r\u00fastica<\/em>\u00bb<\/span>, \u00e9s a dir en les <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_vulgar\">lleng\u00fces vulgars<\/a><\/span>) per tal que els feligresos poguessin comprendre m\u00e9s f\u00e0cilment el que es diu a missa. <\/strong><strong>La situaci\u00f3 era de\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Digl%C3%B2ssia\">digl\u00f2ssia<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i el llat\u00ed continuava sent la llengua de la cultura i de l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Esgl%C3%A9sia_pr%C3%B2pia\">Esgl\u00e9sia<\/a><\/span>, tanmateix, les <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homilies_d%27Organy%C3%A0\"><i>Homilies d&#8217;Organy\u00e0<\/i><\/a><\/span>\u00a0i la decisi\u00f3 presa en el <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concili_de_Tours\">Concili de Tours<\/a><\/span> demostren que els capellans s&#8217;adre\u00e7aven als fidels en vulgar.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-11.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18224 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"281\" height=\"291\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>2.2<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>. L&#8217;ORTOGRAFIA CATALANA<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>L&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ortografia_del_catal%C3%A0\">ortografia<\/a><\/span>\u00a0actual del catal\u00e0 es basa \u00e0mpliament en la praxi medieval, no obstant aix\u00f2, algunes pronunciacions han canviat:<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>L&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accent_ortogr%C3%A0fic\">accent ortogr\u00e0fic<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i la\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Di%C3%A8resi\">di\u00e8resi<\/a><\/span>\u00a0s&#8217;empraven molt rarament.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>La \u00ab<em>c<\/em>\u00bb davant de \/e\/, \/i\/; la \u00ab<em>\u00e7<\/em>\u00bb i la \u00ab<em>z<\/em>\u00bb s&#8217;articulaven com \/\u02a6\/, en comptes de les modernes \/s\/ o \/z\/.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>La <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lletra\">grafia<\/a><\/span> \u00ab<em>ch<\/em>\u00bb al final de la paraula s&#8217;usava per a \/k\/ en lloc de la grafia moderna \u00ab<em>c<\/em>\u00ab. Aix\u00ed la forma moderna\u00a0<i>amic<\/i>\u00a0es va escriure\u00a0<i>amich<\/i>. Aquesta convenci\u00f3 es va mantenir fins a principis del segle\u00a0xx, i \u00e9s la ra\u00f3 per la qual molts cognoms acabats en <em>-ch<\/em> es pronuncien amb \/k\/ final.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fonema\">fonema<\/a><\/span> \/jl\/ s&#8217;escrivia \u00ab<em>yl<\/em>\u00bb o \u00ab<em>il<\/em>\u00ab. En la llengua moderna, aquest so ha passat a pronunciar-se \/\u028e\/ o \/j\/ depenent del dialecte. Modernament s&#8217;usa la grafia \u00ab<em>ll<\/em>\u00bb per als descendents d&#8217;aquest so. Aix\u00ed la forma moderna\u00a0<i>mirall<\/i>\u00a0s&#8217;escrivia com\u00a0<i>mirail<\/i>\u00a0o\u00a0<i>mirayl<\/i>, del llat\u00ed\u00a0<i>miraculus<\/i>.<\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-29.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18225 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-29.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"348\" height=\"195\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Context\">2.3.\u00a0ELS FETS I ELS SEUS CONTEXTOS HIST\u00d2RICS<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>El context hist\u00f2ric \u00e9s un conjunt de circumst\u00e0ncies en qu\u00e8 es produeix el fet que t\u00e9 hist\u00f2ria ja sigui lloc, temps, fets rellevants&#8230;<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Tamb\u00e9 es refereix a aquelles circumst\u00e0ncies que envolten els esdeveniments hist\u00f2rics i els pensaments de la gent al moment de presentar-se certs fets en determinada societat, de manera que van influir per donar-se aix\u00ed en els seus individus i en aquesta geografia. <\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>Tenir en compte el context hist\u00f2ric d&#8217;un succ\u00e9s passat \u00e9s important, ja que permet a futur emetre un judici menys limitat i, encara que no tingui veracitat total, almenys no deformi, minimitzi els fets o maximitzi el seu valor en el temps.<\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">2.3.1.<\/span> <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mil%C2%B7lenni\">ELS MIL\u00b7LENIS I ELS SEUS CONTEXTOS<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mil%C2%B7lenni_V_aC\">MIL\u00b7LENI V aC<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mil%C2%B7lenni_IV_aC\">MIL\u00b7LENI IV aC<\/a>\u00a0\/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mil%C2%B7lenni_III_aC\">MIL\u00b7LENI III aC<\/a>\u00a0\/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mil%C2%B7lenni_II_aC\">MIL\u00b7LENI II aC<\/a>\u00a0\/ <\/span><\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mil%C2%B7lenni_I_aC\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">MIL\u00b7LENI I aC<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">2.3.2.<\/span> ELS SEGLES ABANS DE CRIST I ELS SEUS CONTEXTOS<\/a>\u00a0(aC)<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_V_aC\">Segle V aC<\/a>\u00a0\/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_IV_aC\">Segle IV aC<\/a>\u00a0\/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_III_aC\">Segle III aC<\/a>\u00a0\/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siglo_II_a._C.\">Segle II aC<\/a>\u00a0\/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_I_aC\">Segle I aC<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">2.3.3.<\/span> ELS SEGLES DESPRES DE CRIST I ELS SEUS CONTEXTOS (dC)<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_I\">Segle I\u00a0<\/a>\/<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"> <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_II\">Segle II<\/a>\u00a0\/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_III\">Segle III<\/a>\u00a0\/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_IV\">Segle IV<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_V\">Segle V<\/a>\u00a0\/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_VI\">Segle VI<\/a>\u00a0\/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_VII\">Segle VII<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_VIII\">Segle VIII<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_IX\">Segle IX<\/a>\u00a0\/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_X\">Segle X<\/a>\u00a0\/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XI\">Segle IX<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XII\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">2.3.4.<\/span> EL SEGLE XII<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edat_mitjana_de_Catalunya\">L&#8217;esplendor medieval catal\u00e0<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feudalisme_a_Catalunya\">La societat feudal<\/a> <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literatura_catalana\">L&#8217;expansi\u00f3 liter\u00e0ria (segles XII-XIII)<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poesia_trobadoresca\">La l\u00edrica dels trobadors<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trobador\">La figura del trobador<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Can%C3%A7oner_medieval\">Els can\u00e7oners<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exemplum\">Les preceptives o exemplums<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literatura_medieval\">Els temes<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XIII\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">2.3.5.<\/span> EL SEGLE XIII<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Les_quatre_grans_Cr%C3%B2niques\">Les grans Cr\u00f2niques<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ramon_Llull\">Ramon Llull<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XIV\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">2.3.6.<\/span> SEGLE XIV <\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humanisme_catal%C3%A0\"> L&#8217;humanisme catal\u00e0<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bernat_Metge\">Bernat Metge<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Curial_e_G%C3%BCelfa\">Curial e G\u00fcelfa<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XV\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">2.3.7.<\/span> El SEGLE XV <\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_d%27or_valenci%C3%A0\">Segle d&#8217;Or valenci\u00e0<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ausi%C3%A0s_March\">Ausi\u00e0s Marc<\/a><\/span> i <\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joanot_Martorell\">Joanot Martorell<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literatura_catalana\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">2.3.8.<\/span> LITERATURA CATALANA <\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literatura_catalana\">DELS SEGLES IX AL XXI<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Segle XVI \/<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XVII\"> Segle XVII<\/a> \/ <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XVIII\">Segle XVIII<\/a> \/ <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XIX\">Segle XIX<\/a> \/ <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XX\">Segle XX<\/a> \/ <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Segle_XXI\">Segle XXI<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-13.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-18226 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-13.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"526\" height=\"350\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 24pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">3. TEMES LING\u00dc\u00cdSTICS RELACIONATS ENTRE S\u00cd\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-18179 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"337\" height=\"154\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\">[<em>En pr\u00e9mer qualsevol enunciat de color blau s&#8217;obrir\u00e0 una informaci\u00f3n escaient<\/em>]<\/span><\/h4>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma\">UNA INTRODUCCI\u00d3 A LA LLENGUA-IDIOMA DELS POBLES<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma#N%C3%BAmero_de_idiomas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1. El n\u00fa<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u00famero de idiomas<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-2\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma#Clasificaci%C3%B3n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1. La\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Clasificaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/a>\u00a0de los idiomas<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma#Lista_de_idiomas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2. Un l<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">istado referente a los idiomas<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma#Idiomas_por_orden_alfab%C3%A9tico\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1. Los i<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">diomas seg\u00fan el orden alfab\u00e9tico<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma#Idiomas_por_n%C3%BAmero_de_hablantes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2. Los i<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">diomas por el n\u00famero de hablantes<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Origen_de_las_lenguas\">3. Origen de las lenguas<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Substrat_catal%C3%A0\">EL SUBSTRAT DE LA LLENGUA CATALANA<\/a><\/span><\/strong> <strong>\/ <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lleng%C3%BCes_preromanes\">LLENG\u00dcES PREROMANES<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lenguas_paleohisp%C3%A1nicas#Lenguas_documentadas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1. Las l<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">enguas documentadas<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lenguas_paleohisp%C3%A1nicas#Lenguas_indirectamente_conocidas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2. Las l<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">enguas indirectamente conocidas<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lenguas_paleohisp%C3%A1nicas#Diversidad_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3. La d<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">iversidad ling\u00fc\u00edstica<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Proc%C3%A9s_de_romanitzaci%C3%B3\">LA ROMANITZACI\u00d3<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanizaci%C3%B3n_(aculturaci%C3%B3n)#Introducci%C3%B3n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1. Una i<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ntroducci\u00f3n al proceso de romanizaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romanizaci%C3%B3n_(aculturaci%C3%B3n)#Abandono_de_las_lenguas_aut%C3%B3ctonas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2. El a<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">bandono de las lenguas aut\u00f3ctonas<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADode_rom%C3%A0_a_Catalunya\">3. El per\u00edode de la romanitzaci\u00f3 a Catalunya<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llista_de_jaciments_arqueol%C3%B2gics_de_Catalunya#Jaciments_romans\">4. Un<\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llista_de_jaciments_arqueol%C3%B2gics_de_Catalunya#Jaciments_romans\">\u00a0llistat<\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llista_de_jaciments_arqueol%C3%B2gics_de_Catalunya#Jaciments_romans\"> de jaciments romans a Catalunya<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADode_rom%C3%A0_a_Catalunya\">EL PER\u00cdODE DE LA ROMANITZACI\u00d3 A CATALUNYA<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADodo_romano_en_Catalu%C3%B1a#Antecedentes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1. Los a<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ntecedentes al periodo de la romanizaci\u00f3n en Catalunya<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADodo_romano_en_Catalu%C3%B1a#Conquista_romana\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2. La\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Conquista romana<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADodo_romano_en_Catalu%C3%B1a#Los_pactos_entre_los_romanos_y_los_caudillos_ind%C3%ADgenas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Los pactos entre los romanos y los caudillos ind\u00edgenas<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADodo_romano_en_Catalu%C3%B1a#Las_primeras_medidas_de_control_del_territorio\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Las primeras medidas de control del territorio<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADodo_romano_en_Catalu%C3%B1a#El_establecimiento_de_los_primeros_tributos\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El establecimiento de los primeros tributos<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADodo_romano_en_Catalu%C3%B1a#La_conversi%C3%B3n_del_territorio_en_provincia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La conversi\u00f3n del territorio en provincia<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADodo_romano_en_Catalu%C3%B1a#Presidios,_lugares_de_vigilancia_y_efectivos_militares\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Presidios, lugares de vigilancia y efectivos militares<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-8\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADodo_romano_en_Catalu%C3%B1a#La_gran_revuelta_ind%C3%ADgena\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La gran revuelta ind\u00edgena<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADodo_romano_en_Catalu%C3%B1a#Organizaci%C3%B3n_del_territorio\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3. La o<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">rganizaci\u00f3n del territorio<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-10\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADodo_romano_en_Catalu%C3%B1a#El_gran_impulso_romanizador_del_siglo_I_aC\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El gran impulso romanizador del siglo I aC<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-11\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADodo_romano_en_Catalu%C3%B1a#El_imperio_romano\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El imperio romano<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-12\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADodo_romano_en_Catalu%C3%B1a#La_sociedad_en_%C3%A9poca_del_Alto_Imperio\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La sociedad en \u00e9poca del Alto Imperio<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-13\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADodo_romano_en_Catalu%C3%B1a#La_crisis_del_siglo_III\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La crisis del siglo III<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-14\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Per%C3%ADodo_romano_en_Catalu%C3%B1a#Los_visigodos\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Los visigodos<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adstrat\">L&#8217;ADSTRAT DE LA LLENGUA CATALANA<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adstrato#La_historia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La historia del adstrato de la lengua catalana<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adstrato#Los_resultados\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Los resultados ling\u00fc\u00edsticos sobre las diferentes aportaciones<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasions_b%C3%A0rbares\">PER\u00cdODE DE GRANS INVASIONS B\u00c0RBARAS A LA PEN\u00cdNSULA IB\u00c8RICA<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Evoluci%C3%B3n_de_los_hechos\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1. La e<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">voluci\u00f3n de los hechos en referencia a las invasiones visig\u00f3ticas<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-2\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Hispania_en_los_albores_de_las_invasiones_(406-411)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Hispania en los albores de las invasiones (406-411)<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Cruce_del_l%C3%ADmes_del_Rin_(406)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1.1. El c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ruce de los l\u00edmites del Rin (406)<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Usurpaci%C3%B3n_de_Constantino_III\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1.2. La u<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">surpaci\u00f3n de Constantino III<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-5\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#El_clan_teodosiano\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El clan teodosiano<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-6\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Usurpaci%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A1ximo:_el_paso_de_los_Pirineos_de_suevos,_v%C3%A1ndalos_y_alanos\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1.4. La u<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">surpaci\u00f3n de M\u00e1ximo: el paso de los Pirineos de suevos, v\u00e1ndalos y alanos<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#El_foedus_del_411\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El\u00a0<i>foedus<\/i>\u00a0del 411<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-8\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Alanos\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2.1. Los\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Alanos<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-9\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#V%C3%A1ndalos\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2.2. Los\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">V\u00e1ndalos<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-10\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Suevos\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2.3. Los\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Suevos<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-11\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Primera_acci%C3%B3n_visigoda_en_Hispania:_Las_campa%C3%B1as_de_Walia_(411-418)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3. La p<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">rimera acci\u00f3n visigoda en Hispania: Las campa\u00f1as de Walia (411-418)<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-12\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Hegemon%C3%ADa_v%C3%A1ndala_(418-429)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.4. La h<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">egemon\u00eda v\u00e1ndala (418-429)<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-13\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Expansi%C3%B3n_del_reino_suevo_(429-457)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.5. La e<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">xpansi\u00f3n del reino suevo (429-457)<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-14\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Establecimiento_visigodo_en_Hispania_(456-507)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.6. El e<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">stablecimiento visigodo en Hispania (456-507)<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-15\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Campa%C3%B1a_de_Teodorico_II\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.6.1. La c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ampa\u00f1a de Teodorico II<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-16\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Crisis_del_reino_suevo\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.6.2. La c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">risis del reino suevo<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-17\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Establecimientos_populares_visigodos_en_Hispania\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.6.3. Los e<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">stablecimientos populares visigodos en Hispania<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-18\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#La_sociedad_en_la_era_de_las_invasiones\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La sociedad en la era de las invasiones b\u00e1rbaras<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-19\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Relaciones_entre_germanos_e_hispanorromanos\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1. Las r<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">elaciones entre germanos e hispanorromanos<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-20\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#El_reparto_de_tierras\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El reparto de tierras<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-21\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Sistema_de_poblamiento\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3. El s<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">istema de poblamiento<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-22\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Los_asentamientos_populares\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Los asentamientos populares<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-23\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Los_asentamientos_aristocr%C3%A1ticos_militares\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Los asentamientos aristocr\u00e1ticos militares<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-24\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Aspectos_socioecon%C3%B3micos_en_la_Hispania_de_las_invasiones\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3. Los a<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">spectos socioecon\u00f3micos en la Hispania de las invasiones<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-25\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Los_repartos_de_tierras\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Los repartos de tierras<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-26\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Localizaci%C3%B3n_de_los_asentamientos_visigodos\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.1. La l<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ocalizaci\u00f3n de los asentamientos visigodos<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-27\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica#Cronolog%C3%ADa_de_las_invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4. La c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ronolog\u00eda de las invasiones germ\u00e1nicas en la pen\u00ednsula ib\u00e9rica<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G%C3%B2tia\">EL DUCAT DE G\u00d2TIA<\/a>\u00a0\/ <a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septim%C3%A0nia\">SEPTIM\u00c0NIA<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septimania#Origen_del_nombre\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1. El o<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">rigen del nombre<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septimania#Visigodos_y_francos\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2. Los v<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">isigodos y los francos<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Septimania#Septimania_conocida_como_Gothia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3. La S<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">eptimania conocida como Gothia<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominaci%C3%B3_musulmana_de_Catalunya\">LA INVASI\u00d3 MUSULMANA<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Fuentes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1. Las f<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">uentes para discernir la invaxi\u00f3n musulmana<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Contexto\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2. El c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ontexto de la invasi\u00f3n musulmana<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Antecedentes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3. Los \u00a0a<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ntecedentes a la invsi\u00f3n musulmana<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Conquista_musulmana_en_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_ib%C3%A9rica\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1. La c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">onquista musulmana en la pen\u00ednsula ib\u00e9rica<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Conflicto_interno_del_reino_visigodo\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2. El c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">onflicto interno del reino visigodo<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Fases_de_la_conquista\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4. Las f<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ases de la conquista musulmana<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Conquista_militar_del_sur_de_la_pen%C3%ADnsula\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.1. La c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">onquista militar del sur de la pen\u00ednsula<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-8\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Batalla_de_Guadalete_711-726\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.2. La\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Batalla de Guadalete 711-726<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Conquista_del_tercio_meridional\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.3. La c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">onquista del tercio meridional<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-10\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Conquista_del_centro_peninsular\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.4. La c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">onquista del centro peninsular<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-11\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Conquista_del_norte\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.5. La c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">onquista del norte<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-12\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Capitulaciones_de_ciudades_mediante_pactos\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.6. Las c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">apitulaciones de las ciudades mediante pactos<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-13\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Regreso_de_Musa_a_Damasco\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.7. El r<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">egreso de Musa a Damasco<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-14\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Consolidaci%C3%B3n_de_la_conquista\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5. La c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">onsolidaci\u00f3n de la conquista musulmana<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-15\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#El_gobierno_de_Abd_el-Aziz_ibn_Musa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El gobierno de Abd el-Aziz ibn Musa<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-16\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Asesinato_de_Abd_el-Aziz_ibn_Musa_y_gobierno_de_Al-Hurr\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2. El a<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">sesinato de Abd el-Aziz ibn Musa y gobierno de Al-Hurr<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-17\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Final_del_proceso_de_conquista\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3. El f<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">inal del proceso de conquista<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-18\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Herencia_cultural_y_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_%C3%A1rabe\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6. La h<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">erencia cultural y ling\u00fc\u00edstica \u00e1rabe<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-19\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Consecuencias_culturales_en_Europa_de_la_conquista_del_reino_visigodo\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7. Las co<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">nsecuencias culturales en Europa de la conquista del reino visigodo<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-20\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Bereberes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8. Los\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Bereberes<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-21\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania#Debate_historiogr%C3%A1fico\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">9. Un d<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ebate historiogr\u00e1fico<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%80ndalus\"><strong>EL AL-\u00c1NDALUS<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Toponimia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1. La t<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">oponimia del Al-\u00c1ndalus<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-2\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Tesis_v%C3%A1ndala\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\">1.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Tesis v\u00e1ndala sobre el\u00a0Al-\u00e1ndalus<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Tesis_visigoda\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Tesis visigoda sobre el Al-\u00c1ndalus<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Tesis_atl%C3%A1ntica\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Tesis atl\u00e1ntica sobre el \u00a0Al -\u00c1ndalus<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Historia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2. La h<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">istoria del Al-\u00c1ndalus<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Conquista\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1. La c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">onquista del Al-\u00c1ndalus<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-7\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Emirato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2. El\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Emirato de C\u00f3rdoba<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-8\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Califato_de_C%C3%B3rdoba\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3. El\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Califato de C\u00f3rdoba<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Primeros_reinos_de_taifas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.4. Los p<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">rimeros reinos de taifas<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-10\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Imperio_almor%C3%A1vide\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.5. El\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Imperio almor\u00e1vide<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-11\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Segundos_reinos_de_taifas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.6. Los s<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">egundos reinos de taifas<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-12\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Imperio_almohade\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.7. El\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Imperio almohade<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-13\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Terceros_reinos_de_taifas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.8. Los t<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">erceros reinos de taifas<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-14\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Reino_nazar%C3%AD_de_Granada\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.9. El\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Reino nazar\u00ed de Granada<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-15\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Organizaci%C3%B3n_territorial\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3. La o<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">rganizaci\u00f3n territorial del andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-16\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#La_organizaci%C3%B3n_del_Estado_andalus%C3%AD\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La organizaci\u00f3n del Estado andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-17\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Las_diferentes_etapas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Las diferentes etapas de organizaci\u00f3n andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-18\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Organizaci%C3%B3n_estatal\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.2. La o<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">rganizaci\u00f3n estatal del andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-19\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Econom%C3%ADa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5. La e<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">conom\u00eda del Al-\u00c1ndalus<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-20\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Agricultura\"><span class=\"tocnumber\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\">5.1. La a<\/span><span class=\"toctext\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\">gricultur<\/span><\/a>aandalus\u00ed<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-21\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#El_fomento_de_la_agricultura\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.1.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El fomento de la agricultura andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-22\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Urbanismo\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.2. El u<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">rbanismo andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-23\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Ganader%C3%ADa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.3. La g<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">anader\u00eda andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-24\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Miner%C3%ADa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.4. La m<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">iner\u00eda andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-25\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Otras_actividades\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.5.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Otras actividades del Al-\u00c1ndalus<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-26\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Sociedad\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6. La s<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ociedad andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-27\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#La_sociedad_andalus%C3%AD\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La sociedad andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-28\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Las_minor%C3%ADas_religiosas:_cristianos_y_jud%C3%ADos\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Las minor\u00edas religiosas: cristianos y jud\u00edos<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-29\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Cultura\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7. La c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ultura andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-30\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Esplendor_cultural\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7.1. El e<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">splendor cultural andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-31\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Ciencia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7.2. La c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">iencia andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-32\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Filosof%C3%ADa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7.3. La f<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ilosof\u00eda andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-33\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#M%C3%ADstica\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">7.4. Las m<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u00edstica andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-34\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Arte\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8. El a<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">rte del Al-\u00c1ndalus<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-35\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Arte_emiral_y_califal\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8.1. El a<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">rte emiral y califal<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-36\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Arte_taifa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8.2. El a<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">rte taifa<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-37\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Arte_almor%C3%A1vide\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8.3. El a<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">rte almor\u00e1vide<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-38\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Arte_almohade\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8.4. El a<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">rte almohade<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-39\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Arte_nazar%C3%AD\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8.5. El a<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">rte nazar\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-40\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Literatura\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8.6. La l<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">iteratura andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-41\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#M%C3%BAsica\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8.7. La m<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u00fasica andalus\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-42\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-%C3%81ndalus#Gastronom%C3%ADa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">8.8. La g<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">astronom\u00eda<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Francs\">ELS FRANCS<\/a><\/span> \/ <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperi_Carolingi\">L&#8217;IMPERI CAROLINGI<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperio_carolingio#Historia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1. La h<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">istoria<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-2\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperio_carolingio#Los_carolingios\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Los carolingios<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperio_carolingio#Carlomagno\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Carlomagno<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperio_carolingio#Carolingios_posteriores\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Carolingios posteriores<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperio_carolingio#Causas_de_la_disgregaci%C3%B3n_del_Imperio_carolingio\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Causas de la disgregaci\u00f3n del Imperio carolingio<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperio_carolingio#El_legado_carolingio\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.5.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El legado carolingio<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-7\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperio_carolingio#Pol%C3%ADtica\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2. La p<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ol\u00edtica carolingia<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-8\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperio_carolingio#Econom%C3%ADa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3. La e<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">conom\u00eda carolingia<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-9\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperio_carolingio#Cultura_y_arte\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4. La c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ultura y el arte carolingios<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marca_Hisp%C3%A0nica\">LA MARCA HISP\u00c0NICA<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marca_Hisp%C3%A1nica#Contexto_geogr%C3%A1fico\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Contexto geogr\u00e1fico<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marca_Hisp%C3%A1nica#Evoluci%C3%B3n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Evoluci\u00f3n<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marca_Hisp%C3%A1nica#Or%C3%ADgenes_de_los_condados\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Or\u00edgenes de los condados<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-4\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marca_Hisp%C3%A1nica#Vivir_en_la_frontera\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Vivir en la frontera<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marca_Hisp%C3%A1nica#Desaparici%C3%B3n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Desaparici\u00f3n<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comtats_catalans\">ELS COMTATS CATALANS<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Condados_catalanes#Evoluci%C3%B3n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1. La e<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">voluci\u00f3n hacia los condados catalanes<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Condados_catalanes#Origen_de_los_condados_catalanes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2. El o<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">rigen de los condados catalanes<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-3\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Condados_catalanes#Enumeraci%C3%B3n_de_los_condados_catalanes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3. La e<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">numeraci\u00f3n de los condados catalanes<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval\">EL CATAL\u00c0 MEDIEVAL<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<div class=\"toctitle\" dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"es\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#Fonolog%C3%ADa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Fonolog\u00eda<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-2\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#Consonantes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Consonantes<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-3\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#Laterales\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Laterales<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-4\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#Labiodentales\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Labiodentales<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-5\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#Vocales\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Vocales<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-6\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#Ortograf%C3%ADa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Ortograf\u00eda<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-7\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#L%C3%ADrica_medieval:_los_trovadores\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">L\u00edrica medieval: los trovadores<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-8\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#Cr%C3%B3nicas_hist%C3%B3ricas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Cr\u00f3nicas hist\u00f3ricas<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-9\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#Esplendor_medieval\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">5.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Esplendor medieval<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-10\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#Historia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Historia<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-11\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#El_origen_del_catal%C3%A1n[13]%E2%80%8B[14]%E2%80%8B[15]%E2%80%8B\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El origen del catal\u00e1n<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-12\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#La_realidad_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_prerromana_de_Catalu%C3%B1a,_la_Comunidad_Valenciana_y_las_Islas_Baleares\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La realidad ling\u00fc\u00edstica prerromana de Catalu\u00f1a, la Comunidad Valenciana y las Islas Baleares<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-13\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#La_romanizaci%C3%B3n_y_la_sustituci%C3%B3n_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_por_el_lat%C3%ADn\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La romanizaci\u00f3n y la sustituci\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica por el lat\u00edn<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-14\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#El_lat%C3%ADn_y_la_formaci%C3%B3n_de_la_lengua_catalana\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.1.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El lat\u00edn y la formaci\u00f3n de la lengua catalana<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-15\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#El_catal%C3%A1n_preliterario\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El catal\u00e1n preliterario<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-16\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#Las_invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.2.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Las invasiones germ\u00e1nicas<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-17\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#La_invasi%C3%B3n_musulmana\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.2.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La invasi\u00f3n musulmana<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-18\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#La_formaci%C3%B3n_de_la_lengua_literaria\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La formaci\u00f3n de la lengua literaria<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-19\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#La_conciencia_de_diferenciaci%C3%B3n_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_lat%C3%ADn\/catal%C3%A1n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.3.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La conciencia de diferenciaci\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica lat\u00edn\/catal\u00e1n<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-20\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#Los_primeros_testimonios_de_catal%C3%A1n_escrito\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.3.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Los primeros testimonios de catal\u00e1n escrito<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-21\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#Una_lengua_para_el_derecho_y_el_comercio\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.3.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Una lengua para el derecho y el comercio<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-22\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#La_aparici%C3%B3n_de_la_prosa_literaria._Ramon_Llull\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.3.4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La aparici\u00f3n de la prosa literaria. Ramon Llull<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-23\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#La_historiograf%C3%ADa._Las_cuatro_grandes_cr%C3%B3nicas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.3.5.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La historiograf\u00eda. Las cuatro grandes cr\u00f3nicas<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-24\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#La_expansi%C3%B3n_peninsular_y_mediterr%C3%A1nea\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.3.6.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La expansi\u00f3n peninsular y mediterr\u00e1nea<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-25\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#La_lengua_de_la_poes%C3%ADa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.3.7.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La lengua de la poes\u00eda<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-26\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#La_Canciller%C3%ADa_Real\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.3.8.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La Canciller\u00eda Real<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-27\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#El_contexto_pol%C3%ADtico_y_social._Los_Trast%C3%A1mara\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El contexto pol\u00edtico y social. Los Trast\u00e1mara<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-28\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#La_poes%C3%ADa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.5.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La poes\u00eda<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-29\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#Los_primeros_intentos_de_ruptura_con_el_occitano\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.5.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Los primeros intentos de ruptura con el occitano<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-30\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#Ausi%C3%A0s_March\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.5.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Ausi\u00e0s March<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-31\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#La_narrativa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.6.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La narrativa<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-32\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#El_Curial_e_G%C3%BCelfa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.6.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El\u00a0<i>Curial e G\u00fcelfa<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-33\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#El_Tirant_lo_Blanc\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.6.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El\u00a0<i>Tirant lo Blanc<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-34\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#L'Espill\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.6.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\"><i>L&#8217;Espill<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-35\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A1n_medieval#La_%22valenciana_prosa%22._Joan_Ro%C3%ADs_de_Corella\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">6.6.4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La \u00abvalenciana prosa\u00bb. Joan Ro\u00eds de Corella<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#:~:text=El%20origen%20de%20la%20actual,se%20ha%20conservado%20con%20dificultades.\"><b>HIST\u00d2RIA DE LA LLENGUA CATALANA<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Del_nacimiento_a_la_Edad_Media\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Del nacimiento a la Edad Media<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-2\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#El_origen_del_catal%C3%A1n[1]%E2%80%8B[2]%E2%80%8B[3]%E2%80%8B\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El origen del catal\u00e1n\u200b<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-3\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_realidad_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_prerromana_de_Catalu%C3%B1a,_la_Comunidad_Valenciana_y_las_Islas_Baleares\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La realidad ling\u00fc\u00edstica prerromana de Catalu\u00f1a, la Comunidad Valenciana y las Islas Baleares<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-4\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_romanizaci%C3%B3n_y_la_sustituci%C3%B3n_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_por_el_lat%C3%ADn\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La romanizaci\u00f3n y la sustituci\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica por el lat\u00edn<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-5\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#El_lat%C3%ADn_y_la_formaci%C3%B3n_de_la_lengua_catalana\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.1.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El lat\u00edn y la formaci\u00f3n de la lengua catalana<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#El_catal%C3%A1n_preliterario\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El catal\u00e1n preliterario<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-7\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Las_invasiones_germ%C3%A1nicas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Las invasiones germ\u00e1nicas<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-8\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_invasi%C3%B3n_musulmana\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.2.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La invasi\u00f3n musulmana<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-9\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_formaci%C3%B3n_de_la_lengua_literaria\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La formaci\u00f3n de la lengua literaria<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-10\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_conciencia_de_diferenciaci%C3%B3n_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_lat%C3%ADn\/catal%C3%A1n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La conciencia de diferenciaci\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica lat\u00edn\/catal\u00e1n<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-11\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Los_primeros_testimonios_de_catal%C3%A1n_escrito\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Los primeros testimonios de catal\u00e1n escrito<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-12\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Una_lengua_para_el_derecho_y_el_comercio\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Una lengua para el derecho y el comercio<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-13\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_aparici%C3%B3n_de_la_prosa_literaria._Ramon_Llull\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3.4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La aparici\u00f3n de la prosa literaria. Ramon Llull<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-14\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_historiograf%C3%ADa._Las_cuatro_grandes_cr%C3%B3nicas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3.5.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La historiograf\u00eda. Las cuatro grandes cr\u00f3nicas<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-15\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_expansi%C3%B3n_peninsular_y_mediterr%C3%A1nea\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3.6.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La expansi\u00f3n peninsular y mediterr\u00e1nea<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-16\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_lengua_de_la_poes%C3%ADa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3.7.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La lengua de la poes\u00eda<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-17\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_Canciller%C3%ADa_Real\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1.3.8.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La Canciller\u00eda Real<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-18\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Del_siglo_XV_hasta_la_Renaixen%C3%A7a\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Del siglo\u00a0XV\u00a0hasta la Renaixen\u00e7a<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-19\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#El_contexto_pol%C3%ADtico_y_social._Los_Trast%C3%A1mara\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El contexto pol\u00edtico y social. Los Trast\u00e1mara<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-20\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_poes%C3%ADa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La poes\u00eda<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-21\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Los_primeros_intentos_de_ruptura_con_el_occitano\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Los primeros intentos de ruptura con el occitano<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-22\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Ausi%C3%A0s_March\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Ausi\u00e0s March<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-23\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_narrativa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La narrativa<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-24\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#El_Curial_e_G%C3%BCelfa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El\u00a0<i>Curial e G\u00fcelfa<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-25\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#El_Tirant_lo_Blanc\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El\u00a0<i>Tirant lo Blanc<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-26\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#L'Espill\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\"><i>L&#8217;Espill<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-27\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_%22valenciana_prosa%22._Joan_Ro%C3%ADs_de_Corella\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3.4,\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La \u00abvalenciana prosa\u00bb. Joan Ro\u00eds de Corella<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-28\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#El_inicio_del_retroceso_de_la_lengua\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El inicio del retroceso de la lengua<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-29\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#El_proceso_de_sustituci%C3%B3n_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.4.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">El proceso de sustituci\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-30\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_Decad%C3%A8ncia\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.4.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La\u00a0<i>Decad\u00e8ncia<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-31\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_Guerra_de_Sucesi%C3%B3n_y_los_Decretos_de_Nueva_Planta\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.4.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La Guerra de Sucesi\u00f3n y los Decretos de Nueva Planta<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-32\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Desde_la_Renaixen%C3%A7a_hasta_la_actualidad\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Desde la\u00a0<i>Renaixen\u00e7a<\/i>\u00a0hasta la actualidad<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-33\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Catalu%C3%B1a_en_el_siglo_XIX\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Catalu\u00f1a en el siglo\u00a0XIX<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-34\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_Renaixen%C3%A7a\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La Renaixen\u00e7a<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-35\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Lengua_e_ideolog%C3%ADa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Lengua e ideolog\u00eda<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-36\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_literatura\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La literatura<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-37\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Estudios_sobre_la_lengua\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Estudios sobre la lengua<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-38\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Normativizaci%C3%B3n_de_la_lengua_catalana\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Normativizaci\u00f3n de la lengua catalana<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-39\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#La_dictadura_franquista\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La dictadura franquista<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-40\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Situaci%C3%B3n_actual\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.5.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Situaci\u00f3n actual<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-41\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#%C3%81mbito_educativo\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.5.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u00c1mbito educativo<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-42\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_del_idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Medios_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n_en_catal%C3%A1n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.5.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Medios de comunicaci\u00f3n en catal\u00e1n<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>L&#8217;IDIOMA CATAL\u00c0<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Nombre\"><span class=\"tocnumber\"><strong>1. El n<\/strong><\/span><strong><span class=\"toctext\">ombre<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Aspectos_hist%C3%B3ricos,_sociales_y_culturales\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2. Los a\u00a1<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">spectos hist\u00f3ricos, sociales y culturales<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Distribuci%C3%B3n_geogr%C3%A1fica\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1. La d<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">istribuci\u00f3n geogr\u00e1fica<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Situaci%C3%B3n_socioling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_del_catal%C3%A1n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2. La s<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ituaci\u00f3n socioling\u00fc\u00edstica del catal\u00e1n<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-5\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Conocimiento_del_catal%C3%A1n_(2003-2004)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.1. El c<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">onocimiento del catal\u00e1n (2003-2004)<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-6\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Uso_social\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.2. El u<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">so social<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-7\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Lengua_materna\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.3. La l<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">engua materna<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-8\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Catalu%C3%B1a\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.3.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Catalu\u00f1a<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-9\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Comunidad_Valenciana\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.3.2. La\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Comunidad Valenciana<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-10\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Islas_Baleares\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.3.3. Las\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Islas Baleares<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-11\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Franja_Oriental_de_Arag%C3%B3n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.3.4. La\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Franja Oriental de Arag\u00f3n<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-12\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Andorra\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.3.5.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Andorra<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-13\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Rosell%C3%B3n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.3.6. El\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Rosell\u00f3n<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-14\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Alguer_(Cerde%C3%B1a)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2.3.7. El\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Alguer (Cerde\u00f1a)<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-15\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Variedades_dialectales\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.3. Las v<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ariedades dialectales<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-16\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Est%C3%A1ndares_del_catal%C3%A1n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.4. Los e<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">st\u00e1ndares del catal\u00e1n<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-17\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Diferencias\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.4.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Diferencias<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-18\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Certificados_oficiales_de_catal%C3%A1n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.5.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Certificados oficiales de catal\u00e1n<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-19\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Desarrollo_hist%C3%B3rico\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.6.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Desarrollo hist\u00f3rico<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-20\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Influencia_del_catal%C3%A1n_en_otras_lenguas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.7.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Influencia del catal\u00e1n en otras lenguas<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-21\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#N%C3%BAmero_de_hablantes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.8.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">N\u00famero de hablantes<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-22\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Territorios_donde_tiene_estatus_oficial\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.8.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Territorios donde tiene estatus oficial<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-23\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Territorios_en_los_que_no_tiene_estatus_oficial\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.8.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Territorios en los que no tiene estatus oficial<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-24\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Total\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.8.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Total<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-25\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#%C3%81mbito_educativo\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.9.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u00c1mbito educativo<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-26\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Medios_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n_en_catal%C3%A1n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.10.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Medios de comunicaci\u00f3n en catal\u00e1n<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-27\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Sistema_de_escritura\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.11.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Sistema de escritura<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-28\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Descripci%C3%B3n_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Descripci\u00f3n ling\u00fc\u00edstica<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-29\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Tipolog%C3%ADa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Tipolog\u00eda<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-30\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Morfolog%C3%ADa\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Morfolog\u00eda<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-31\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Vocalismo\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Vocalismo<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-32\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Diptongos_y_triptongos\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.3.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Diptongos y triptongos<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-33\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Evoluci%C3%B3n_hist%C3%B3rica\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.3.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Evoluci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-34\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Consonantes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Consonantes<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-35\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Oclusivas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.4.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Oclusivas<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-36\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Africadas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.4.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Africadas<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-37\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Fricativas\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.4.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Fricativas<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-38\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Laterales\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.4.4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Laterales<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-39\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Vibrantes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.4.5.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Vibrantes<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-40\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Nasales\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.4.6.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Nasales<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-41\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Evoluci%C3%B3n_hist%C3%B3rica_2\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.4.7.<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Evoluci\u00f3n hist\u00f3rica<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-42\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Pr%C3%A9stamos_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticos\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.5.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Pr\u00e9stamos ling\u00fc\u00edsticos<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-43\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Idioma_catal%C3%A1n#Otras_representaciones\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Otras representaciones<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; color: #3366ff;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectes_del_catal%C3%A0\">UNA LLENGUA, VARIATS DIALECTES<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-1\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Origen\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">1. El o<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">rigen dialectal<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-2\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Divisi%C3%B3n_dialectal\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2. La d<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ivisi\u00f3n dialectal<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-3\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#N%C3%BAmero_de_hablantes\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.1. El n<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">\u00famero de hablantes<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-4\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Variaciones_dialectales\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">2.2. Las v<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">ariaciones dialectales<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-1 tocsection-5\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Ejemplos_de_l%C3%A9xico_y_pronunciaci%C3%B3n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Ejemplos de l\u00e9xico y pronunciaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-6\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Bloque_occidental\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1. El b<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">loque occidental<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-7\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Noroccidental\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Noroccidental<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-8\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Leridano\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.1.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Leridano<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-9\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Valenciano_de_transici%C3%B3n_\/_tortosino\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Valenciano de transici\u00f3n \/ tortosino<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-10\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Comarcas_del_Ebro_y_norte_de_Castell%C3%B3n\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.2.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Comarcas del Ebro y norte de Castell\u00f3n<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-11\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Valenciano_meridional\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Valenciano meridional<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-12\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Albaida,_Canals...\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.3.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Albaida, Canals&#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-13\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#La_Marina...\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.3.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">La Marina&#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-14\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Villanueva_de_Castell%C3%B3n...\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.3.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Villanueva de Castell\u00f3n&#8230;<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-15\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Valenciano_alacantino\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Valenciano alacantino<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-16\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Novelda\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.4.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Novelda<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-17\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Elche\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.4.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Elche<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-18\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Crevillente\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.4.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Crevillente<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-19\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Valenciano_apitxat\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.5.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Valenciano\u00a0<i>apitxat<\/i><\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-20\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Benaguacil\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.5.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Benaguacil<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-4 tocsection-21\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Norte_de_la_Ribera_Alta\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.5.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Norte de la Ribera Alta<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-22\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Valenciano_castellonense_(Castell%C3%B3n_de_la_Plana)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.1.6.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Valenciano castellonense (Castell\u00f3n de la Plana)<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-2 tocsection-23\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Bloque_oriental\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2. El b<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">loque oriental<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-24\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Catal%C3%A1n_salat_(Ampurd%C3%A1n)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2.1.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Catal\u00e1n salat (Ampurd\u00e1n)<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-25\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Catal%C3%A1n_central_(Barcelona)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2.2.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Catal\u00e1n central (Barcelona)<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-26\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Campo_de_Tarragona\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2.3.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Campo de Tarragona<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-27\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Mallorqu%C3%ADn_(Campos)\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2.4.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Mallorqu\u00edn (Campos)<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"toclevel-3 tocsection-28\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dialectos_del_catal%C3%A1n#Ibicenco\"><span class=\"tocnumber\">3.2.5.\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"toctext\">Ibicenco<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0\">TOT SOBRE LA LLENGUA CATALANA<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Catal%C3%A0\">El catal\u00e0<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gram%C3%A0tica_de_la_llengua_catalana\">Gram\u00e0tica catalana<\/a><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>\u00a0\/ <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Gram\u00e0tica del catal\u00e0\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gram%C3%A0tica_del_catal%C3%A0\">Gram\u00e0tica del catal\u00e0<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fonologia_del_catal%C3%A0\">Fonologia catalana<\/a><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0\/ <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ortografia_del_catal%C3%A0\">Ortografia catalana<\/a>&#8211;<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.softcatala.org\/corrector\/\">Corrector ortogr\u00e0fico<\/a>\u00a0\/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morfologia_del_catal%C3%A0\">Morfologia catalana<\/a> \/ <\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sem%C3%A0ntica\">Sem\u00e0ntica<\/a><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0\/ <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L%C3%A8xic_catal%C3%A0\">L\u00e8xico<\/a>&#8211;<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vocabulari\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #3366ff;\">Vocabulario<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00a0\/ <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sintaxi_del_catal%C3%A0\">Sintaxis catalana<\/a>:\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Categoria:Tipus_d%27oracions\">Tipos d&#8217;oraciones<\/a>&#8211;<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oraci%C3%B3_simple\">Oraci\u00f3n simple<\/a>&#8211;<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oraci%C3%B3_coordinada\">Oraci\u00f3n compuesta coordinada<\/a>&#8211;<\/strong><\/span><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oraci%C3%B3_subordinada\">Oraci\u00f3n compuesta subordinada<\/a>&#8211;<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oraci%C3%B3_juxtaposada\">Oraci\u00f3n compuesta yuxtapuesta<\/a><\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literatura_catalana\">Literatura catalana<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Llista d'escriptors en llengua catalana\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llista_d%27escriptors_en_llengua_catalana\">Llista d&#8217;escriptors en llengua catalana<\/a><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>\u00a0\/ <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Literatura andorrana\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Literatura_andorrana\">Literatura andorrana<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Dret ling\u00fc\u00edstic del catal\u00e0\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dret_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_del_catal%C3%A0\">Dret ling\u00fc\u00edstic del catal\u00e0<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong><a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Repressi\u00f3 del catal\u00e0\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0\">Repressi\u00f3 del catal\u00e0<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Cronologia de la repressi\u00f3 del catal\u00e0\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0\">Cronologia de la repressi\u00f3 del catal\u00e0<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Difer\u00e8ncies entre el catal\u00e0 i l'occit\u00e0\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Difer%C3%A8ncies_entre_el_catal%C3%A0_i_l%27occit%C3%A0\">Difer\u00e8ncies entre el catal\u00e0 i l&#8217;occit\u00e0<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Denominacions de la llengua catalana\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Denominacions_de_la_llengua_catalana\">Denominacions de la llengua catalana<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Normalitzaci\u00f3 ling\u00fc\u00edstica del catal\u00e0\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Normalitzaci%C3%B3_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica_del_catal%C3%A0\">Normalitzaci\u00f3 ling\u00fc\u00edstica del catal\u00e0<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Emigraci\u00f3 catalana del segle XVIII a Isla Cristina\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emigraci%C3%B3_catalana_del_segle_XVIII_a_Isla_Cristina\">Emigraci\u00f3 catalana del segle XVIII a Isla Cristina<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Institut d'Estudis Catalans\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institut_d%27Estudis_Catalans\">Institut d&#8217;Estudis Catalans<\/a><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>\u00a0\/ <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Institut Ramon Llull\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Institut_Ramon_Llull\">Institut Ramon Llull<\/a><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>\u00a0\/ <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Plataforma per la Llengua\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plataforma_per_la_Llengua\">Plataforma per la Llengua<\/a><\/strong><\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>\u00a0\/ <a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"\u00d2mnium Cultural\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%92mnium_Cultural\">\u00d2mnium Cultural<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Setmana del Llibre en Catal\u00e0\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Setmana_del_Llibre_en_Catal%C3%A0\">Setmana del Llibre en Catal\u00e0<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-104.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-23138 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-104.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"386\" height=\"260\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 24pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">4. <\/span><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">CRONOLOGIA DE LA PERSECUCI\u00d3 DE LA LLENGUA CATALANA<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-2-7.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-23137\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-2-7-300x149.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-2-7-300x149.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-2-7.jpg 319w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Vet aqu\u00ed la cronologia <\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #3366ff;\">sobre<\/span><\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\"> la <span style=\"caret-color: #3366ff;\">cronolog\u00eda<\/span> de la persecuci\u00f3 perversa a la llengua catalana<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\"> amb un elenco de fets luctuosos que representen la <\/span><a style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_minoritzada\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">minoritzaci\u00f3<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\">\u00a0de la\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_catalana\">llengua catalana<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\">\u00a0de forma activa, o sigui la \u00ab<\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Repressi%C3%B3\">repressi\u00f3 del catal\u00e0<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\">\u00bb segons alguns autors, mitjan\u00e7ant: <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\">Accions violentes directes<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\">L&#8217;aplicaci\u00f3 de pol\u00edtiques que impliquen donar prioritat o oficialitzar, en perjudici del catal\u00e0 en els diversos territoris, altres lleng\u00fces que en principi hi eren alienes, com el <\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_castellana\">castell\u00e0<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\"> o el <\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_francesa\">franc\u00e8s<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\">, fins al punt de fer que siguin les \u00faniques acceptables en diferents \u00e0mbits de la societat. <\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-1-15.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23139 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-1-15.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-1-15.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-1-15-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>Tot plegar es pot considerar un atac tipificat contra una <\/span><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt; color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minoria_nacional\">minoria nacional<\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\">.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">La llista, que comen\u00e7a l&#8217;any <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1482\">1482<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i segueix fins avui en dia, compr\u00e8n diferents formes de discriminaci\u00f3 de la llengua que variaran substancialment al llarg del temps, de la mateixa manera que evoluciona la societat. En el proc\u00e9s de marginaci\u00f3\/residualitzaci\u00f3 hi t\u00e9 un paper fonamental la construcci\u00f3 de l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estat_naci%C3%B3\">Estat naci\u00f3<\/a>\u00a0espanyol<\/span> per part de les elits estatals, que empren l&#8217;estat per modelar el pensament i cultura dels ciutadans,\u00a0i construir la naci\u00f3 prenent com a base les caracter\u00edstiques de l&#8217;\u00e8tnia dominant.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-45.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23140\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-45.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-45.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-45-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>Avui en dia, existeixen igualment fonts que asseguren que es discrimina el\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Castell%C3%A0_a_Catalunya\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">castell\u00e0<\/span> a <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Catalunya<\/span><\/a>, entre altres motius, perqu\u00e8:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">La <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Generalitat_de_Catalunya\">Generalitat de Catalunya<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i altres \u00f2rgans oficials, han adoptat el\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Llengua_catalana\">catal\u00e0<\/a><\/span>\u00a0com a \u00fanica llengua vehicular, per tal de protegir-la. <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">A aix\u00f2 s&#8217;afeg\u00ed el <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00ab<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manifest_per_la_llengua_comuna\">Manifiesto por una lengua com\u00fan<\/a>\u00bb<\/span> d&#8217;un grup d&#8217;intel\u00b7lectuals espanyols i la <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">Declaraci\u00f3 de l&#8217;<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise\">Acad\u00e9mie Fran\u00e7aise<\/a><\/span>\u00a0que defensen el\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Castell%C3%A0\">castell\u00e0<\/a><\/span> i el <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franc%C3%A8s\">franc\u00e8s<\/a><\/span>\u00a0com a lleng\u00fces oficials de l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estat_Espanyol\">Estat Espanyol<\/a><\/span>\u00a0i l&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estat_Franc%C3%A8s\">Estat Franc\u00e8s<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-1-13.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-23141 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-1-13-300x164.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"164\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-1-13-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/download-1-13.jpg 304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Aquestes declaracions i propostes pol\u00edtiques, a la vista de les mesures legals que tots dos estats han pres contra el catal\u00e0, han suscitat un gran rebuig per bona part de la societat catalana. Poc despr\u00e9s, el juliol de 2008, va apar\u00e8ixer: <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">El <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00ab<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galeusca\">Manifest de la Federaci\u00f3 Galeusca<\/a>\u00bb<\/span><i>,<\/i> en la qual est\u00e0 integrada, entre d&#8217;altres, com tamb\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">L&#8217;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Associaci%C3%B3_d%27Escriptors_en_Llengua_Catalana\">Associaci\u00f3 d&#8217;Escriptors en Llengua Catalana<\/a><\/span>. <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-4-11.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-23142\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-4-11-149x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"149\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-4-11-149x300.jpg 149w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-4-11.jpg 158w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 149px) 100vw, 149px\" \/><\/a>En aquest manifest es comparava el <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/estaticos.elmundo.es\/documentos\/2008\/06\/22\/manifiesto.pdf\">\u00ab<em>Manifiesto por la lengua com\u00fan<\/em>\u00bb<\/a><\/span> amb les tesis franquistes, i es qualificava aquest \u00ab<em>manifiesto<\/em>\u00bb de \u00ab<em>visi\u00f3 anul\u00b7ladora<\/em>\u00bb.\u00a0Amb tot, la realitat \u00e9s que l&#8217;\u00fanica llengua en qu\u00e8 no es pot viure plenament a Catalunya \u00e9s el catal\u00e0, malgrat la persistent demanda social que ho demana.\u00a0Tot aquest tema est\u00e0 contaminat pel\u00a0<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Espanyolisme\">nacionalisme espanyol<\/a><\/span> -una ideologia que pret\u00e9n cohesionar l&#8217;estat-, at\u00e8s que en l&#8217;\u00e0mbit de les <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organitzaci%C3%B3_de_les_Nacions_Unides\">Nacions Unides<\/a><\/span>\u00a0preval l&#8217;opini\u00f3 que les minories nom\u00e9s prenen com a \u00e0mbit de refer\u00e8ncia l&#8217;Estat en el seu conjunt, per la qual cosa els membres d&#8217;una majoria no poden ser considerats com a minoria.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-3-11.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23143 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-3-11.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"218\" height=\"231\" \/><\/a>Aquest article -que es pot trobar a la Viquip\u00e8dia- consta de diferentes apartats, el contingut del qual exposo tot seguit per a una informaci\u00f3 cabdal i una il\u00b7lustraci\u00f3 de tot all\u00f2 que no hauria de ser en la preservaci\u00f3 i expansi\u00f3 d&#8217;un b\u00e9 cultural de primer ordre tan important com n&#8217;\u00e9l una llengua. Vegem-ho:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"vector-toc-text\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Context\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\">4.1. El context de la persecuci\u00f3 de la llengua <span style=\"caret-color: #3366ff;\">catalana<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"vector-toc-text\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Edat_moderna\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\">4.2. La <span style=\"caret-color: #3366ff;\">persecuci\u00f3<\/span>\u00a0de la llengua catalana a l&#8217;Edat moderna<\/span><\/a><\/strong>\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\"><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"vector-toc-text\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Edat_contempor%C3%A0nia\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #3366ff;\">4.3. La persecuci\u00f3<\/span> de la llengua catalana a l&#8217;Edat contempor\u00e0nia:<\/span><\/a><\/strong><\/div>\n<ul id=\"toc-Edat_contempor\u00e0nia-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n<li id=\"toc-Dictadura_del_Primo_de_Rivera\" class=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Dictadura_del_Primo_de_Rivera\">4.3.1. Persecuci\u00f3 durant la Dictadura del Primo de Rivera<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"toc-Segona_Rep\u00fablica_Espanyola\" class=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Segona_Rep%C3%BAblica_Espanyola\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #3366ff;\">4.3.2. Persecuci\u00f3<\/span><\/span> a la Segona Rep\u00fablica Espanyola<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"toc-Guerra_Civil_i_Franquisme\" class=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Guerra_Civil_i_Franquisme\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #3366ff;\">4.3.3. Persecuci\u00f3<\/span><\/span> durant la Guerra Civil i el Franquisme<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"toc-Periode_democr\u00e0tic\" class=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Periode_democr%C3%A0tic\">4.3.4. Persecuci\u00f3 en el Periode democr\u00e0tic<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2\">\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Final_del_segle_XX\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\"><span style=\"caret-color: #3366ff;\">4.3.5. Persecuci\u00f3<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\">\u00a0durant el final del segle XX:<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<ul id=\"toc-Final_del_segle_XX-sublist\" class=\"vector-toc-list\">\n<li id=\"toc-Secessionisme_ling\u00fc\u00edstic_com_a_instrument_de_repressi\u00f3_als_territoris_de_l'antiga_Corona_d'Arag\u00f3\" class=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4\">\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Secessionisme_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_com_a_instrument_de_repressi%C3%B3_als_territoris_de_l'antiga_Corona_d'Arag%C3%B3\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">El secessionisme ling\u00fc\u00edstic com a instrument de repressi\u00f3 als territoris de l&#8217;antiga Corona d&#8217;Arag\u00f3<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4\">\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Pa%C3%ADs_Valenci%C3%A0\"><strong style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Pa\u00eds Valenci\u00e0<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4\">\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Illes_Balears\"><strong style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Illes Balears<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4\">\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Arag%C3%B3\"><strong style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Arag\u00f3<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4\">\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\"><strong style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Catalunya\">Catalunya<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"vector-toc-text\"><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Segle_XXI\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;\">4.4. Persecuci\u00f3 al <\/span><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;\">Segle XXI<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul id=\"mw-panel-toc-list\" class=\"vector-toc-contents\">\n<li id=\"toc-Refer\u00e8ncies\" class=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Refer%C3%A8ncies\">Refer\u00e8ncies<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"toc-Bibliografia\" class=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Bibliografia\">Bibliografia<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"toc-Vegeu_tamb\u00e9\" class=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Bibliografia\">Vegeu tamb\u00e9:<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-9.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-full wp-image-23144\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-9.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"278\" height=\"181\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Anticatalanisme\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anticatalanisme\">Anticatalanisme<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Espanyolisme\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Espanyolisme\">Espanyolisme<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Uniformisme ling\u00fc\u00edstic a Fran\u00e7a\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uniformisme_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstic_a_Fran%C3%A7a\">Uniformisme ling\u00fc\u00edstic a Fran\u00e7a<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; color: #3366ff;\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Incidents de ciutadans per l'\u00fas de la llengua catalana el segle XXI\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Incidents_de_ciutadans_per_l%27%C3%BAs_de_la_llengua_catalana_el_segle_XXI\">Incidents de ciutadans per l&#8217;\u00fas de la llengua catalana el segle XXI<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decretos_de_Nueva_Planta\">Decret de Nova Planta<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Decreto de Nueva Planta del Reino de Valencia\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decreto_de_Nueva_Planta_del_Reino_de_Valencia\">Decreto de Nueva Planta del Reino de Valencia<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Decreto de Nueva Planta del Reino de Arag\u00f3n\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decreto_de_Nueva_Planta_del_Reino_de_Arag%C3%B3n\">Decreto de Nueva Planta del Reino de Arag\u00f3n<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a class=\"mw-redirect\" style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Decreto de Nueva Planta del Reino de Mallorca\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decreto_de_Nueva_Planta_del_Reino_de_Mallorca\">Decreto de Nueva Planta del Reino de Mallorca<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Decreto de Nueva Planta de Catalu\u00f1a\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Decreto_de_Nueva_Planta_de_Catalu%C3%B1a\">Decreto de Nueva Planta de Catalu\u00f1a<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"color: #3366ff; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" title=\"Guerra de sucesi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola\" href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guerra_de_sucesi%C3%B3n_espa%C3%B1ola\">Guerra de sucesi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul id=\"mw-panel-toc-list\" class=\"vector-toc-contents\">\n<li id=\"toc-Enlla\u00e7os_externs\" class=\"vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded\">\n<div class=\"vector-toc-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif; color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cronologia_de_la_repressi%C3%B3_del_catal%C3%A0#Enlla%C3%A7os_externs\">Enlla\u00e7os externs<\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-2-13.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-23146 alignright\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-2-13-300x50.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"50\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-2-13-300x50.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-2-13.jpg 550w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Arran que a l\u2019abril de l\u2019any 2024 la Casa reial va donar suport a una entitat secessionista mallorquina, atorgant-li el t\u00edtol de Reial &#8211;<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">\u00ab<a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.elnacional.cat\/ca\/politica\/felip-vi-atorga-titol-reial-grupuscle-negacionista-catala-balears_1203893_102.html\">Felip VI atorga el t\u00edtol \u00ab<em>Reial<\/em>\u00bb a un grupuscle negacionista del catal\u00e0 a les Balears<\/a>\u00bb<\/span>, vaig recollir del diari ARA un article de l\u2019Antoni Bassas sobre la posici\u00f3 de l\u2019actual rei d\u2019Espanya respecte de la llengua catalana:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-5-19.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23147 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/images-5-19.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" \/><\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">LA CORONA I ELS INDOCUMENTATS<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Per donar el t\u00edtol de \u00abreial\u00bb a l\u2019<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><a style=\"color: #3366ff;\" href=\"https:\/\/ca.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reyal_Acad%C3%A8mi_de_Sa_Llengo_Bal%C3%A9%C3%A0\">Academi de sa Llengo Bal\u00e9\u00e0<\/a><\/span>, la casa reial espanyola ha de tenir un personal extremadament in\u00fatil, o ja li va b\u00e9 jugar a la provocaci\u00f3. L\u2019Estatut d\u2019Autonomia de les Illes Balears declara, amb tota precisi\u00f3, que \u00abla llengua catalana, pr\u00f2pia de les Illes Balears, i la nostra cultura i tradicions s\u00f3n uns elements identificadors de la nostra societat i, en conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, s\u00f3n elements vertebradors de la nostra identitat\u00bb. En permetre que l\u2019autodenominada \u00abAcademi\u00bb es cobreixi amb el mantell reial est\u00e0 clavant una puntada de peu a l\u2019Estatut.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Que la casa reial espanyola passi per sobre d\u2019una llei org\u00e0nica \u00e9s de nota. Si: <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Institucionalment \u00e9s un error,<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Cient\u00edficament \u00e9s un disbarat.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">Que la monarquia, sempre tan delerosa de rodejar-se de l\u2019excel\u00b7l\u00e8ncia en tots els camps de la societat civil, doni cobertura als que neguen la unitat del catal\u00e0 contra tota evid\u00e8ncia filol\u00f2gica, la posa al costat dels illetrats, els ignorants, els indocumentats, els de \u00abque inventen ellos\u00bb\u201di els de \u00abmuera la <span style=\"color: #ff6600;\">inteligencia\u00bb.<\/span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"color: #ff6600;\"><em><span style=\"font-size: 18pt;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: verdana, geneva, sans-serif;\">No \u00e9s que la Corona pugui canviar cap criteri cient\u00edfic, per\u00f2 crea una percepci\u00f3. I pol\u00edticament, \u00e9s d\u2019un biaix molt gruixut. \u00c9s impossible que, comen\u00e7ant pel rei mateix, ning\u00fa del seu entorn no s\u00e0piga que els separatistes ling\u00fc\u00edstics a les Balears militen a la dreta i la ultradreta del PP i que, per tant, el patrocini reial est\u00e0 donant un vern\u00eds de respectabilitat a la maniobra barroera de sempre, tendent a trencar els vincles hist\u00f2rics entre les Balears i Catalunya. En plena agenda del \u00abreencuentro\u00bb \u00e9s d\u2019una inoportunitat clamorosa. I tot aix\u00f2 si no \u00e9s que a la casa reial ja li esta b\u00e9, o tant li fa, perqu\u00e8 all\u00e0 on hi hagi un nacionalista espanyol ella tamb\u00e9 hi ser\u00e0 sempre<\/span><\/strong><\/span>.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><strong>03.05.24<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>(Diari ARA \/ Secci\u00f3 BON D\u00cdA \/ Antoni Bassas<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>ELS PRIMERS BATECS DE LA PARLA CATALANA LES PRIMERES OBRES ESCRITES EN CATAL\u00c0 TEMES LING\u00dc\u00cdSTICS RELACIONATS PER SABER-NE M\u00c9S A les primeries dels anys vint &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18168"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=18168"}],"version-history":[{"count":24,"href":"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18168\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23148,"href":"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18168\/revisions\/23148"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=18168"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=18168"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.miquelangelbosch.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=18168"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}